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Anthropology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

The comparative appraoch

A

Why physiological/behavioral systems evolved as adaptive responses to selective pressures

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2
Q

Basic mammalian traits

A

body hair, long gestation period, live birth, mammary glands, diff types of teeth, endothermy, increased brain size

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3
Q

Primates have retained ANCESTRAL mammalian traits, thus allowing them to remain

A

GENERALIZED

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4
Q

General primate tendencies: limbs and locomotion (a generalized locomotor anatomy)

A
  • erect posture (esp in upper body)
  • flexible, generalized limb structure (wide range of limb mvt, hip shoulder anatomy)
  • prehensile hands (5 fingers and toes)
  • opposable thumb
  • nails instead of claws
  • tactile pads
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5
Q

General primate tendencies: diet and teeth

A
  • omnivorous, lack of diet specialization

- generalized dentition

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6
Q

General primate tendencies: senses and the brain

A
  • many diurnal, rely on vision less on smell
  • color vision
  • depth perception w stereoscopic vision
  • eyes in front of face w binocular vision, overlapping visual fields
  • increased complexity in brain
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7
Q

neocortex

A

portion of brain where info from diff sensory modalities COMBINED

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8
Q

General primate tendencies: Maturation, learning, behavior

A
  • longer gestation period
  • reduced number offspring
  • delayed maturation
  • longer life span
  • greater dependence on FLEXIBLE, LEARNED behavior
  • social groups
  • diurnal activity
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9
Q

Adaptive niche

A

organism’s ENTIRE WAY OF LIFE

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10
Q

Primates found their adaptive niche in…

A

TREES, why they adapted to arboreal living

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11
Q

Primate Adaptation Explanation: ARBOREAL HYPOTHESIS

A

due to primates adapting to arboreal living, they adapted to 3d envrionment w…

  • color vision
  • depth perception
  • prehensile hands
  • generalized dentition (omnivory)
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12
Q

Primate Adaptation Explanation: VISUAL PREDATION HYPOTHESIS

A

Due to an ARBOREAL visual PREDATOR, primates adapted/shaped primate evolution by…

  • forward facing eyes (facilitate binocular vision)
  • prehensile hands and feet
  • nails instead of claws
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13
Q

Primate Adaptation Explanation: DIVERSIFICATION OF FLOWERING PLANTS

A

Since VISUAL PREDATION not common among modern primates, all these adaptations (forward facing eyes, prehensile hands, omnivory, color vision) rose in response for demand for…

  • FINE VISUAL and TACTILE DISCRIMINATION, esp when feeding on SMALL FOOD
  • flowering plants were RESOURCES for primates
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14
Q

Geographical Distribution and Habitats: NEW and OLD WORLDS

A

NEW WORLD - southern Mexico, Central Am, S Am

OLD WORLD - Africa, India, SE Asia, Japan
(many old world monkeys, baboons and african apes, gorillas, chimps, bonobos - spend their day on the ground)

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15
Q

Diet and Teeth

A

All primates have 4 types of teeth:

  • incisors and canines (biting and cutting)
  • premolars and molars (Chewing and grinding)
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16
Q

How many teeth do old world anthropoids have

A

I.C.P.M (2.1.2.3.)

2+1+2+3 = 8*4 = 32 TOTAL!

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17
Q

How many teeth do New world monkeys have?

A

2.1.3.3. = 36

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18
Q

LOCOMOTION: All primates are _____, but most primates have more than one locomotion because of ______ anatomy

A

All primates quadrupedal (walk on 4 limbs) BUT most primates have more than one form of locomotion because of GENERALIZED ANTOMY

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19
Q

4 Different Locomotor Patterns, w differences in skeletal anatomy and limb proportions

A
  1. Terrestrial Quadruped (savanna baboon, apes: gorillas, chimps, bonobos)
  • forelimb = hind limb or forelimb > hind limb
  • knuckle walking
  1. Arboreal Quadruped (NWM, bearded saki)
  • shorter forelimbs, PREHENSILE TAIL-which no OWM have
  • SOME arm swinging
  1. Vertical Clinger and leaper (indri)
    - long hind limbs
    - knees and ankles tightly flexed
  2. Brachiator (gibbon)
    - arms longer than legs
    - short stable back
    - long curved fingers, reduced thumbs
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20
Q

the order PRIMATES have suborder ______ and ______

A

Strepsirhini (lemurs and lorises)

Haplorhini (tarsiers, monkeys, apes, humans)

21
Q

In the Suborder Haplorhini, mokneys, apes, and humans make up

A

the ANTHROPOIDS (monkeys, apes, humans)

22
Q

Comparative Genomics

A

comparsion bt GENETIC MAKEUP of diff speices

Humans and chimps 98.4~99.4% identical

23
Q

Strepsirhini are the most ___ of primate

A

PRIMITIVE

24
Q

Why are the strepsirhini most primitive?

A

retain ANCESTRAL CHARACTERISTICS of:

  • reliance on olfaction
  • presence of rhinarium
  • long snout
  • mark territories w scnet
  • eyes on sides of face
  • shorter gestation, matruation period
  • dental comb
25
Q

Strepsirhini: LEMURS

A

Found in Madagascar, E coast of Africe

  • diversified into niches without competition without monkeys/apes bc they are only in Madagascar
  • have alot of BEHAVIORAL VARIATION
26
Q

LORISES

A

Survived by being NOCTURNAL

-slow, cautious quadrupedalism

27
Q

GALAGOS

A

Bush babies, part of loris species;

agile vertical clingers and leapers

28
Q

tarsiers

A

found in SE Asia

-not part of haplorhini or strepsrihini

29
Q

features that distinguish ANTHROPOIDS from lemurs and lorises

A
  • larger avg body size
  • larger brain
  • reduced reliance on smell
  • rely on vision
  • color vision
  • generalized dentittion
  • longer gestation, maturation period
  • increased parental care
  • more mutual grooming
30
Q

Most primates are _____

A

monkeys

31
Q

NWM characteristics

A

found in ARBOREAL areas of S Mexico/Central S Am

  • exclusively arboreal
  • mostly diurnal
  • marmosets and tamarins - smallest of NW monkeys
32
Q

Marmosets and tamarins

A 
smallest of NW monkeys
-have claws instead of nails
birth to twins
-insectivorous
-quadrupedal
-mated pair and offspring (MALES involved in infant care)
33
Q

other NW other than marmosets and tamarins

A
  • most quadrupedal (spider monkeys, semibrachiators)

- most live in groups of all sexes and all age

34
Q

OWM

A
  • MOST widely DISTRIBUTED of ALL living primates
  • found in sub saharan Africa, S Asia, Japan, etc
  • in ONE taxonomic family: CERCOPITHECIDAE
35
Q

CERCOPITHECIDAE (where OWM are placed in) has 2 subfamilies

A

CERCOPITHECINES (more generalized of 2 groups)

and

COLOBINES

36
Q

CERCOPITHECINES

A

baboons, macaque, geunons

37
Q

COLOBINES

A

colobus, langurs

38
Q

characteristcs of CERCOPITHECINES (baboons, macaques, guenons)

A

-eat everything

BABOONS - More terrestrial, have ischial callosities

  • found in AFRICA
  • terrestrial quadrupedalism
  • sexual dimorpshim esp pronounced
  • females have estrus
  • large social units

MACAQUES (RHESUS monkeys)

  • found in ASIA and INDIA
  • terrestrial and arboreal quadrupedalism
  • large social unit

GUENONS

  • found in AFRICA
  • ARBOREAL quadrupedalism

Most OWM are arboreal, although baboons spend alot of time on the ground

39
Q

COLOBINES

A

narrower food preference, smaller groups

“leaf eating monkeys” found in AFRICA and ASIA

-include the:
COLOBUS (leaping, semibrachiation)

LANGURS (arobreal quadrupedalism)

40
Q

HOMINOIDS are a superfamily made up of

A

APES and HUMANS

41
Q

characteristcs of APES

A

found in ASIA and AFRICA

  • GIBBONS, SIAMANGS (smallest of apes): SE Asia
  • ORANGUTANS - borneo and sumatra
  • GORILLAS: W & E equatorial Africa, Central Africa
  • CHIMPANZEES: Equatorial Africa
  • BONOBOS: S of Zaire R
42
Q

Difference between APES&HUMANS and MONKEYS

A
  • Larger body size (Except gibbons and siamangs)
  • absence of tail
  • lower back shorter. more stable
  • arms longer than legs (only in apes)
  • different anatomy, helps suspensory feeding and locomotion
  • more complex behavior
  • more complex brain
  • increased per of infant dvlpmt, dependency
43
Q

HOMINOIDS: Apes: GIBBONS and SIAMANGS

A
  • Smallest of the apes
  • found in SE Asia
  • adaptations to feeding while brachiating
  • thus long curved fingers, short thumbs, powerful shoulders
  • eat fruits
  • monogamous (pair w SINGLE mate to raise offspring)
  • highly territorial
  • singing apes of asia
44
Q

HOMINOIDS: Apes: ORANGUTANS

A
  • found in Borneo and Sumatra
  • travel quadrupedally on ground
  • prounounced sexual dimorphsm
  • solitary
  • completely ARBOREAL
  • FRUGIVOROUS
45
Q

Hominoids: Apes: GORILLAS

A
  • Marked sexual dimorphism
  • primarily terrestrial like chimps
  • found in W and E equatorial Africa
  • mt gorillas in Central Afr
  • mostly vegetarian
  • quadrupedalism: knuckle walking
46
Q

Hominoids: Apes: CHIMPANZEES

A
  • found in Equatorial Africa
  • smaller than gorillas but similar to them
  • spend more time in trees that gorillas
  • sexual dimorphism not as prounouces
  • quadrupedal knuckle walking, brachation
  • large variety
  • females usually leave group, males stay
47
Q

Hominoids: Apes: BONOBOS

A
  • found in area S of Zaire R
  • longer legs relative to arms
  • MALE-FEMALE BONDING important, frequent copulation
  • even more ARBOREAL than chimps
48
Q

Hominoids: Humans

A

only bipedal primates

  • omnivorous
  • intelligence, mental capacity rooted in evolutionary past
  • we have enhanced cognitive abilities
49
Q

3 Reasons behind endangerd primates

A
  1. Habitat destruction
    - deforestation
    - lumber
    - fuel
    - rainforest products
  2. Human predation
    - captured for zoos, research, trade
  3. Live capture for export/trade
    - bushmeat
    - commercial enterprise
    - due to construction of logging roads, opened up previously inaccessible tracts of forest; then came dvlmpt of bushmeat trade
    - exotic pet trade
    - body part sale
  4. EBOLA

Anthropology (3 decks)

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