Chapter 6

Question 1

Race

Answer 1

A flawed system of classification, with no biological basis, that uses certain physical characteristics (such as skin color, hair texture, eye shape) to divide the human population into supposedly discrete groups

Question 2

Racism

Answer 2

Individual thoughts and actions and institutional patterns and policies that create unequal access to power, resources, and opportunities based on imagined differences among groups

Question 3

Genotype

Answer 3

The inherited genetic factors that provide the framework for an organism’s physical form

Question 4

Phenotype:

Answer 4

The way genes are expressed in an organism’s physical form as a result of genotype interaction with environmental factors

Question 5

Colonialism

Answer 5

The practice by which a nation-state extends political, economic, and military power beyond its own borders over an extended period of time to secure access to raw materials, cheap labor, and markets in other countries or regions

Question 6

White supremacy

Answer 6

The belief that whites are biologically different and superior to people of other races

Question 7

Whiteness

Answer 7

A culturally constructed concept originating in 1691 Virginia, designed to establish clear boundaries of who is white and who is not, a process central to the formation of U.S. racial stratification

Question 8

Jim Crow

Answer 8

Laws implemented after the U.S. Civil War to legally enforce segregation, particularly in the South, after the end of slavery

Question 9

Hypodescent

Answer 9

Sometimes called the “one drop of blood rule”; the assignment of children of racially “mixed” unions to the subordinate group

Question 10

Nativism

Answer 10

Favoring certain long-term inhabitants over new immigrants

Question 11

Eugenics

Answer 11

A pseudoscience attempting to scientifically prove the existence of separate human races to improve the population’s genetic composition by favoring some races over others

Question 12

Racialization

Answer 12

To categorize, differentiate, and attribute a particular racial character to a person or group of people

Question 13

Individual Racism

Answer 13

Personal prejudiced beliefs and discriminatory actions based on race

Question 14

Institutional racism

Answer 14

Patterns by which racial inequality is structured through key cultural institutions, policies, and systems

Question 15

Racial ideology

Answer 15

A set of popular ideas about race that allows the discriminatory behaviors of individuals and institutions to seem reasonable, rational, and normal