Chapter 6: Memory

Question 0

Three models of memory

Answer 0

Encoding, storage, and retrieval

Question 1

What is memory?

Answer 1

An active system that receives information from the senses puts that information into usable form and organizing as it stores it away, and then retrieves that information information from the storage

Question 2

Levels – of – processing model

Answer 2

Proposes that how long a memory will be remembered depends on the depth to which it was processed

Question 3

Parallel distributed processing model

Answer 3

Memories are created and stored across the network of neural circuits simultaneously, in a parallel fashion

Question 4

Information – processing model

Answer 4

Memory is divided into three components: sensory, short term, and long-term

Question 5

Sensory memory

Answer 5

First stage of memory and involves information from our sensory systems.

Question 6

Iconic memory

Answer 6

Visual sensory memory; George Sperling through the use of partial report method

Question 7

Eidetic imagery

Answer 7

Photographic memory; allows visual system to view surroundings as continuous and stable

Question 8

Echoic imagery

Answer 8

Memory of auditory information has the capacity of what can be heard at any one moment and has a duration of about two seconds

Question 9

Selective attention

Answer 9

Information moves from sensory memory to short-term memory

Question 10

Cocktail party effect

Answer 10

Reticular activating system hears your name

Question 11

Working memory

Answer 11

Short-term memory

Question 12

Chunking

Answer 12

Process of reorganizing the information into meaningful units

Question 13

Maintenance rehearsal

Answer 13

Process of continuing to pay attention to a piece of information over and over again in your head

Question 14

Elaborative rehearsal

Answer 14

A way of transferring information making it meaningful

Long-term memory

Question 15

Procedural/non-declarative memories

Answer 15

Memories for skills and habits

Question 16

Semantic memory

Answer 16

Memory for meanings of words and concepts

Question 17

Episodic memory

Answer 17

Memory of events/episodes

Question 18

In implicit memory

Answer 18

Nearly impossible to state in words

Question 19

Explicit memory

Answer 19

Easily verbalized

Question 20

Semantic network model

Answer 20

Information is stored in the brain in a connected fashion with related concepts physically close to each other

Question 21

Retrieval

Answer 21

Process of pulling memories out of long-term memory

Question 22

Retrieval cue

Answer 22

Stimulus that aids in retrieving the information

Question 23

Encoding specificity

Answer 23

When the environment in which you learned an item serves as a retrieval cue

Question 24

State dependent learning

Answer 24

An emotional state serves as a retrieval cue

Question 25

Recall

Answer 25

Information is retrieved

Question 26

Recognition

Answer 26

Filling in the blanks

Question 27

Serial position effect

Answer 27

Finding information at the beginning and end of the list is more likely to be remembered the information in the middle

Question 28

Primacy effect

Answer 28

Information in the beginning of the list is remembered due to rehearsal

Question 29

Recency effect

Answer 29

Information towards the end of the list is remember due to the fact that it is still in short-term memory

Question 30

False-positive

Answer 30

Someone recognizes a piece of information as a memory even though it did not happen

Question 31

Automatic encoding

Answer 31

Memory process when we aren’t actively paying attention to the information

Question 32

Flashbulb memory

Answer 32

Automatic encoding that occurs when an unexpected and often emotional event occurs

Question 33

Constructive process

Answer 33

Referring to the retrieval of memories in which those memories are altered revised or influenced by newer information

Question 34

Misinformation effect

Answer 34

False information presented after the event influences the memory of that event

Question 35

False memory syndrome

Answer 35

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Question 36

Hindsight bias

Answer 36

Tendency for people to believe that they would have been able to accurately predict the result

Question 37

Herman Ebbinghaus

Answer 37

Study the process of forgetting

Used nonsense syllables and created the curve of forgetting

Question 38

Encoding failure

Answer 38

Information never really becomes a memory

Question 39

Proactive Interference

Answer 39

Information from the past disturbs newly learned information

Question 40

Retroactive interference

Answer 40

Newly learned information interferes with past information

Question 41

Consolidation

Answer 41

Number of changes including an increase in receptor sites

Question 42

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 42

Inability to retrieve memories from the past

Question 43

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 43

Inability to form any new memories

Question 44

Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 44

Dementia that is associated with severe memory loss