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(Biology 211) Cellular Biology > Chapter 6 - Metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

C-H bonds contain lots of what?

A

ENERGY

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2
Q

What is the breakdown of glucose for energy reaction? Balanced

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 > 6CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP

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3
Q

What is the reaction for synthesis if glucose using light? What is this process called

A

Photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy > C6H12O6 + 6O2

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4
Q

Photosynthesis uses light energy to produce temporary energy carrying Molecules called…

A

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucelotide phosphate)

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5
Q

In photosynthesis what do those energy carrying molecules fix?

A

They fix carbon into sugars

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6
Q

Energy requiring pathways and energy producing pathways are called…

A

Energy require - anabolic
Energy producing - catabolic

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7
Q

Some organisms perform catabolism without oxygen, what is this process called?

A

Fermentation or anaerobic metabolism

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8
Q

in biosynthetic processes energy is needed from what molecules in plants and animals? In terms of anabolic and catabolic pathways

A

In animals - NADH
in plants - NADPH

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9
Q

Catabolic pathways breakdown glucose into how many ATP molecules per glucose?

A

36 usually but 36-38

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10
Q

Difference in kinetic vs potential energy?

A

Kinetic energy is energy of an object in motion

Potential is the energy an object contains that can be used once set in motion

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11
Q

Chemical bonds hold what type of energy?

A

Potential energy- once broken it’s kinetic energy

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12
Q

All energy transfers involve the loss of energy in unusable forms of heat called what?

A

Entropy

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13
Q

Entropy is a state of what?

A

Disorder, randomness, uncertainty

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14
Q

Gibbs free energy represents what?

A

The energy that is usable after entropy is accounted for

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15
Q

What is the equation for gibs free energy? What does each part mean?

A

Delta G = Delta H - T Delta S

Delta G - change in free energy for a chemical reaction

Delta H - energy change in reaction

T Delta S = energy lost as entropy in a reaction

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16
Q

Energy change in a reaction (Delta H) is also called what?

A

Enthalpy

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17
Q

Reactions that have a negative delta G means what?

A

The reactions release energy, meaning they have less free energy than the reactants (exergonic reaction)

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18
Q

Reactions that have a negative delta G and release energy are also known as…

A

Spontaneous reactions

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19
Q

Delta G that is positive means…

A

The reactants require energy input (endergonic reaction) means products have more free energy than the reactants

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20
Q

In terms of gonicity what is anabolic and catabolic?

A

Anabolic - endergonic

Catabolic - exergonic

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21
Q

What is activation energy?

A

Amount of Energy needed for a reaction to occur

22
Q

Reactants activation energy is pretty high in cells, what can it be lowered by?

A

Catalysts or specifically enzynes

23
Q

Difference between open and closed systems in terms of the laws of thermodynamics?

A

Open systems lose heat to its surroundings while closed systems do not

24
Q

Main takeaways from the first law of thermodynamics

A

-amount of energy in universe is constant

-energy can’t be created or destroyed

25
Q

Every energy transfer includes some amount of energy that is lost and is…

A

Unusable (energy is usually heat)

26
Q

What is the definition of heat transfer in a system?

A

Energy transfer from one system to another that is NOT doing work

27
Q

The measure of randomness and disorder in a system is called what?

A

Entropy

28
Q

In terms of entropy a system with Low energy has how much entropy?

A

Relatively high amounts

29
Q

Systems naturally proceed towards what direction in terms of entropy?

A

More entropy (disorder)

30
Q

Does energy transfer decrease or increase the universes entropy?

A

Increase

31
Q

When is ATP made?

A

Only when needed, can’t store ATP (extremely unstable molecule)

32
Q

ATP is composed of an adenosine nucleotide, which is what chemically?

A

An adenine nucleotide + 5-carbon sugar (ribose)

33
Q

ATP also has 3 phosphates bonded to the sugar, what are the arrangements and names of each phosphate group?

A

The phosphate group closest to the ribose sugar is alpha, then extending outwards is beta, then gamma.

34
Q

Bond names between the phosphate groups?

A

Phosphoanhydride bonds - release lots of energy

35
Q

Hydrolysis of what part of ATP releases a lot of energy, what molecule remains?

A

Hydrolysis of the beta-gamma bond on the phosphate groups releases lots of energy and a molecule called ADP, also an inorganic phosphate

Equation:

ATP + H2O > ADP + Pi + free energy

36
Q

What is the delta G for ATP mole?

A

-14kcal/mol

37
Q

In the sodium potassium pump what gives it the energy?

A

When ATP is hydrolyzed the gamma transfers into the transmembrane protein phosphorylating it (giving it energy)

38
Q

Almost all enzymes are what macromolecule?

A

Proteins

39
Q

What does an enzyme do physically to make an enzyme react more readily?

A

It functions by binding to the reactant and hold in a way that reacts more readily

40
Q

What do enzymes lower?

A

The activation energy, they DO NOT change the reactions delta G

41
Q

What gives the enzyme its specific properties?

A

The unique combination of amino acid R-groups (residues) of the active site

42
Q

Lock and key often resembles…

A

The substrate and enzyme

43
Q

What does induced fit mean?

A

It refers to the enzyme substrate interaction and how the structure of an enzyme and substrate change into an ideal arrangement

44
Q

Enzymes may take part in substrates reaction by forming covalent bonds with substrates, BUT always…

A

Return back to original form (enzymes remain unchanged by the reactants they catalyze)

45
Q

What is competitive inhibition?

A

A form of inhibition that occurs when an inhibitor molecule blocks substrates form binding to active site (basically molecule competes with substrate)

46
Q

What is non competitive inhibition? What is it also called?

A

It’s also called allosteric inhibition, it is when a inhibitor molecule binds to the enzyme in a place different from active site and inhibits enzyme function

47
Q

What are the 2 types of allosteric types?

A

Inhibition, and activation

48
Q

What are coenzymes and cofactors?

A

Non protein helper molecules that are part of the enzyme, they promote optimal conformational

49
Q

What are examples of cofactors and coenzymes?

A

Cofactors - inorganic ions, examples: Fe2+, Mg2+, Zn2+

Coenzymes - organic molecules - usually vitamins; examples: vitamins A,C, folic acid, E, B1,B2, B6, D2. They are supplied through the diet

50
Q

What is feedback inhibition?

A

It is where a product of a metabolic pathway acts to regulate the pathway the product produced (self regulation)

Basically it inhibits its own pathway

51
Q

Through glucose catabolism what is the allosteric inhibitor and activator of ATP?

A

ATP is its own allosteric inhibitor preventing the buildup of ATP while ADP is the allosteric activator triggering the production of ATP

(Biology 211) Cellular Biology (12 decks)

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