Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Intro to Geology > Chapter 6: Sedimentary Rocks > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Sedimentary Rocks Flashcards

1
Q

Sedimentary Rock

A

forms at or near the surface of the Earth by

  • cementing together loose clasts
  • growth of mounds of shells
  • cementing together of shells and shell fragments
  • the accumulation and subsequent alteration of organic matter derived from living organisms
  • the precipitation of minerals directly from surface-water solutions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

basement

A

the igneous or metamorphic rock that lies under sedimentary rock beds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Clasts

A

solid fragments and grains broken off of pre-existing rocks

note: comes from the Greek work Klastos, meaning broken

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Classes of sedimentary rocks

A
  • clastic sedimentary rock
  • biochemical sedimentary rock
  • organic sedimentary
  • chemical sedimentary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How are clasts produced?

A
  • weathering
  • erosion
  • transportation
  • deposition
  • lithification
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

transportation

A

gravity, wind, water, or ice that can carry sediment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

deposition

A

the process by which sediment settles out of the transporting medium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

lithification

A

the transformation of loose clasts into solid rock, takes place in two stages

  1. compaction; weight of over burden squeezes air or water out from between grains so the grains can fit together more tightly
  2. cementation; when minerals (commonly quartz or calcite) precipitate from ground water and fill the remaining spaces between clasts to form a cement that binds grains together

starts as sediment —-> lithifies into sedimentary rock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

well sorted v. poorly sorted

A

well sorted: the clasts in the sediment are generally the same size

poorly sorted: the clast sizes in sediment are ranging in sizes (big and small)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

breccia

A

cemented angular clasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

conglomerate

A

burial or lithification of gravel bars/mounds that occur at former rivers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

arkose

A

lithification of quartz and sometimes feldspar clay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

siltstone

A

lithified mudflats/deltas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

shale

A

lithified mud (aka mudstone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

examples of biochemical sedimentary rock

A

biochemical limestone

  • made from shells/broken up shell of sea creatures
  • largely CaCO3, also know as (carbonate rock)

fossiliferous limestone
- has fossils in it

biochemical chert
- formed from the shells of silica-secreting plankton that accumulated on the sea floor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

organic sedimentary rocks

A

coal, oil shale

17
Q

chemical sedimentary rock

A

Halite (when when 90% of water evaporates) and gypsum (when 80% of water evaporates)
Travertine (Chemical limestone): forms as hot springs and in caves
Dolostone: carbonate rock containing the mineral dolomite
Chemically precipitated chert: flint

18
Q

bedding

A

a single layer of sediment or sedimentary rock with a recognizable top and bottom

19
Q

strata

A

several beds together

20
Q

why does bedding form?

A

Bedding forms from sediment accumulation by water, wind, glaciers. Changes in climate, water depth, water current velocity, or sediment source control the type of sediment deposited.

21
Q

stratigraphic formation

A

a sequence of strata that is distinctive enough to be traced as a unit across a fairly large region

22
Q

cross beds

A

distinct internal layers within sand dunes

23
Q

depositional environments

A

the conditions in which sediment was deposited

examples: beach, glacial, river environments

24
Q

non-marine depositional environment, and some examples

A

Terrestrial depositional environments

  • glacial environments
  • mountain stream environments
  • alluvial-fan environments
  • desert environments
  • river environments
  • lake environments
25
Q

Examples of coastal and marine depositional environments

A
  • marine delta deposits
  • coastal beach sands
  • shallow-marine clastic deposits
  • shallow-water carbonate environments
  • deep marine deposits
26
Q

subsidence

A

places where the surface of the earths lithosphere sinks, providing space in which sediment can collect

27
Q

categories of basins

A
  • rift basins: form at continental rifts
  • passive-margin basins: form along the edges of continents that er not plate boundaries
  • intracontinental basins: develop in the interiors of continents
  • foreland basins: form on the continental side of a mountain best
28
Q

transgression

A

when the shoreline migrates inland

the opposite of transgression is regression

29
Q

diagenisis

A

all the physical, chemical, and biological processes that transform sediment into sedimentary rock and that alter characteristic of sedimentary rock after the rock has formed

Intro to Geology (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions