Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYA01 > chapter 6: states of consciousness > Flashcards

chapter 6: states of consciousness Flashcards

1
Q

a type of surgery that cuts the connections (corpus callosum) between the two hemispheres of the brain

A

split-brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the purpose of the split-brain surgery

A

to reduce frequency and severity of seizures associated with epilepsy, though it leads to the inability of sharing information across the cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

the idea that the two hemispheres have different functions

A

hemispheric specialization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

“sense of self” the subjective experiences of the internal and external world

A

conscious content

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

the different levels of arousal and attention

A

state of consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

the process of selecting information from the internal and external environments to prioritize for processing (usually involuntary and automatic)

A

attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

occurs when bottom-up information from the external environment requires a response

A

passive attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

when attention is directed by goals and top-down processing

A

active attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

occurs when you attend to one source of information while ignoring other stimuli

A

selective attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

refers to the bottom-up qualities of a scene that influence how we direct attention (stimuli captures our attention by their physical properties)

A

stimulus salience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

examples of low-level features

A

colour of an object or loudness of a sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

occurs when our attention is diverted because of the salience of a stimulus

A

attentional capture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

processing that allows one to be engaged in a conversation while ignoring other stimuli in the background (selective attention)

A

cocktail party effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

a selective attention task where each ear listens to different inputs, individuals would be asked to attend to only one sound, then later asked about information in the unattended input (proves that brain still processes unattended information)

A

dichotic listening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

measure of arousal level of the sympathetic nervous system and responds when you hear something startling or emotionally engaging (measure changes in sweat glands that indicate emotional state)

A

galvanic skin response (GSR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

occurs when we simultaneously attend to two or more tasks at the same time

A

divided attention / multitasking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

refers to fast and effortless processing that can be accomplished without conscious thought

A

automaticity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

occurs when we are engaged in one task and completely miss other information

A

inattentional blindness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

a change attention task used to study intentional change detection and inattentional blindness

A

flicker task

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

an attention task that requires participants to actively search for a change made to the stimulus

A

intentional change detection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

sensory stimulus that is processed but does not reach the threshold for conscious perception

A

subliminal stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

processing of information we are aware of, but not necessarily aware that it is influencing our behaviour

A

subconscious processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

processing of information we cannot consciously detect, even if we were looking for it

A

subliminal processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

messages that are presented too quickly for the visual system to perceive

A

subvisual messages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

auditory messages played at a low volume or in a way that the brain cannot be consciously aware of the content

A

subaudible messages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

damage to the right parietal lobe causes..

A

lost of awareness of visual stimuli on the left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

dorsal stream

A

“where stream” dorsal visual system travels to the inferior parietal lobe to identify the location of visual stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

symptoms of ADHD

A

impulsivity, poor planning, hyperactivity, and inability to sustain attention on a single task. characterized by difficulties that interfere with task-oriented behaviours in general

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

possible cause of ADHD

A

genetic influences, symptoms are similar to those produced by damage to the prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

medication for ADHD

A

ritalin and adderall seem to improve concentration and reduce hyperactivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

therapies that help individuals learn strategies to manage ADHD symptoms or attention problem. designed to train parents and teachers to reward desired behaviour and ignore undesirable actions

A

cognitive-behavioural therapies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

a rare hereditary disease affecting the thalamus, which causes individuals to die from lack of sleep (accompanied by weight loss and inability to maintain homeostasis) (death usually occurs within 12-18 months)

A

fatal familial insomnia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

a device that measures electrical activity across the surface of the brain

A

electroencephalograms (EEG)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

a device used to measure eye movements

A

electrooculograms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

a device used to measure the muscle tension in the jaw

A

electromyograms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

measure in hertz (Hz),

A

frequency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

the height of the wave

A

amplitudes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

measure of how consistent or erratic the waves appear

A

regularity of the wave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

brain wave when we are awake, irregular, mostly low amplitude, frequency of 13-30Hz, desynchronized and erratic

A

beta waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

reflects the fact that many neural circuits in the brain are actively processing information

A

desynchrony

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

brain waves when we are awake but relaxed, more regular and predictable, frequency of 8-12Hz, occurs when a person is quietly resting and not thinking much

A

alpha activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

brain waves that appear when we are deeply relaxed or falling asleep, present throughout the sleep cycle, 3.5-7.5Hz

A

theta waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

stage 1 sleep

A

very light stage of sleep, move from a state of relaxation to early sleep, firing rate across he cortex becomes more synchronized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what occurrences best identify the transition from stage 1 into stage 2 sleep

A

sleep spindles and K-complexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

brief bursts of activity that occur roughly two to five times per minute during non-REM stages of sleep (12-14Hz)

A

sleep spindles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

a pattern of neural excitation followed by inhibition, occurs during stage 2 sleep around once a minute, often triggered by unexpected noises, if woken you wouldn’t have any sense that you had been asleep

A

K-complexes

47
Q

brain waves when a person is deeply asleep, less than 4Hz, regular, high-amplitude waves, occurs during stages 3 and 4 (slow-wave sleep)

A

delta waves

48
Q

15-20 minutes after stage 2, firing across the cortex becomes coordinated and transitions into delta activity

A

slow-wave sleep (SWS)

49
Q

non-REM sleep

A

stages 1, 2, and SWS

50
Q

45 minutes after the beginning of SWS, desynchronized beta waves appears on EEG, eyes moving side to side, brain becomes highly active (similar to when we are awake and alert), easier to wake up than SWS, vivid and narrative-based dreams occur, blood flow to the brain is reduced (prefrontal and visual association cortex still receives large proportion of oxygenated blood), increased time spent during intense brain development, consolidates memories and skills, gets longer throughout the night

A

rapid eye movement (REM)

51
Q

becomes paralyzed during REM sleep

A

REM sleep antonia

52
Q

a graphic depiction of a person’s progress through the stages of sleep over the course of a night

A

hypnogram

53
Q

suggests there is a need for a certain amount of REM

A

rebound phenomenon

54
Q

which stage of sleep is important for explicit memories

A

SWS

55
Q

suggests the experience of dreaming really has no explicit or reliable meaning, but rather a consequence of the other process that occur across the cortex during sleep

A

activation-synthesis hypothesis

56
Q

a hypothesis about dreaming that suggests it has biological significance (evolutionary purpose)

A

evolutionary hypothesis of dreams

57
Q

what did Revonsuo suggest about the purpose of dreaming

A

he argues that we dream about things that are directly related to survival to enhance performance when encountering threatening events

58
Q

refers to problems with the quality of sleep disorders

A

dyssomnias

59
Q

refers to disturbances that occur during sleep

A

parasomnias

60
Q

most commonly diagnosed sleep disorders, the inability to fall asleep or remain asleep

A

insomnia

61
Q

causes of insomnia

A

stress, serious underlying medical condition, abuse of certain substances or underlying mental disorders (environmental factors)

62
Q

refers to habits and behaviours that are conducive to sleeping well

A

sleep hygiene

63
Q

most commonly diagnosed forms of primary insomnia, occurs when cues that indicates sleep causes anxiety surrounding the inability to fall asleep

A

conditioned insomnia

64
Q

“child onset insomnia”, results from a neurophysiological abnormality in the CNS, begins in childhood and experienced through adulthood, more resistant to treatment

A

idiopathic insomnia

65
Q

excessive sleepiness, most common causes is poor sleep quality during the night

A

hypersomnia

66
Q

condition where the intake of oxygen is reduced as the person sleeps for a short periods of time, breathing becomes shallow or stops breathing completely, blood oxygen level decreases, causing the affected to wake up (occurs throughout the night)

A

sleep apnea

67
Q

how does CPAP work

A

treatment for sleep apnea, it pushes pressurized air through the airway to improve sleep

68
Q

“sleep attacks” rare genetic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a sudden and extreme need to sleep, can last from a few seconds to few minutes, enters REM sleep

A

narcolepsy

69
Q

most commonly associated with narcolepsy, the experience of muscle weakness or paralysis during the waking hours (initiated by emotionally engaging events like arguments, laughter, and sex)

A

cataplexy

70
Q

vivid sensory hallucinations that occur right before falling asleep (sleep paralysis)

A

hypnagogic hallucinations 鬼壓床

71
Q

vivid sensory hallucinations that occur just before waking up (sleep paralysis)

A

hypnopompic hallucinations

72
Q

a neurodegenerative disorder where the affected acts out the contents of their dreams (unable to paralyze the body during sleep)

A

REM sleep behaviour disorder

73
Q

treatment for REM sleep behaviour disorder

A

minor tranquilizers, anxiolytics (Clonazepam), or melatonin

74
Q

referred to as nocturnal enuresis, can often be treated by the use of a small alarm that sounds at the first signs of moisture on the sheets

A

bedwetting

75
Q

experiences of frantic, panicked screaming but often little or no memory of what caused the episode, disorder of slow-wave sleep

A

night terrors

76
Q

“sleepwalking”, able to conduct behaviours while deeply asleep as if they were awake, could be dangerous, occurs during slow-wave sleep

A

somnambulism

77
Q

internal clocks that prepare the body for daily, seasonal, and annual rhythms

A

biological clocks

78
Q

daily body clocks that tell the body when to sleep and wake, clock reset every morning by cues associated with morning activity

A

circadian rhythms

79
Q

“time giver” time cues that are reliable stimuli in the environment that provide information about the time of day

A

zeitebers

80
Q

without time cues, humans would revert to a clock with how many hours

A

our free running cycle is closer to 25 instead of 24

81
Q

occurs when you travel someplace far away and your internal clock doesn’t match the external cues you receive from the new environment

A

jet lag

82
Q

research done on shift work suugests what

A

suggests that when people are forced to abruptly alter their sleep-wake cycles, it results in sleep and mood disturbances and interferes with their ability to function during working hours

83
Q

“timekeeper” sends signals to several regions of the brain, including the pineal gland, in response to light signals located directly above the chiasm

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

84
Q

pineal gland’s response to light/dark signals

A

secretes melatonin

85
Q

broadly defined as substances that influence mood, thoughts, or behaviour

A

psychoactive drugs

86
Q

the increased ability to tolerate a specific drug, larger dose of drug is required to achieve the desired effect

A

drug tolerance

87
Q

physical or psychological need for the drug to maintain normal functioning

A

dependence

88
Q

symptoms of distress, restlessness, and irritability associated with the reduction or absence of a specific drug (headaches, shaking, vomiting, changes in mood)

A

withdrawal

89
Q

drugs that slow or depress the arousal of the CNS

A

depressants

90
Q

alcohol

A

most commonly used and abused depressant in the world, low doses creates sensations of relaxation or drowsiness (impaired judgement, slowed reaction times on physical tasks, and uncoordinated motor movements). large doses leads to alcohol poisoning, extreme disorientation and irregular heartbeat and breathing

91
Q

glutamate

A

one of the primary excitatory neurotransmitters, alcohol inhibits the effectiveness of glutamate, especially in the hippocampus (memories of the night heavy drinking are often disorganized)

92
Q

GABA

A

implicated in relaxed states, inhibitory effects in the nervous system

93
Q

Dopamine

A

implicated in reward states in the brain, many drugs reinforces their effects on the production of dopamine

94
Q

baribiturates

A

a group of drugs that cause sedation and induce sleep, prescribed for anxiety disorders, addictive, prolonged use slows metabolisms

95
Q

benzodiazepine

A

a groups of drugs primarily used for treating anxiety, known to be fast-acting and highly addictive

96
Q

most frequently prescribes barbiturates and benzodiazepines (anxiolytics)

A

Xanax, Valium, and Clonazepam

97
Q

drugs that increase the activity of the nervous system

A

stimulants

98
Q

what are some common stimulants

A

caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, and amphetamines

99
Q

caffeine

A

most widely used psychoactive drug in the world, low doses increases energy, creativity, and the ability to focus on work, blocks inhibitory neurotransmitter adenosine

100
Q

adenosine

A

creates inhibitory effects in the brain

101
Q

nicotine

A

highly addictive stimulant, associated with almost half a million deaths in the US, stimulates the release of acetylcholin, absorption into the body and effects on the brain occur rapidly after administration

102
Q

acetylcholine

A

prominent excitatory neurotransmitter

103
Q

cocaine and amphetamines

A

both enhance the effects of dopamine, combat the effects of hunger and fatigue and create a subjective sensation of grandeur or euphoria and a heightened sense of alertness.

104
Q

how does cocaine work

A

they bind to and deactivate the proteins that aid in the reuptake of dopamine, prolonging its effects

105
Q

how does amphetamines work

A

inhibits the reuptake of dopamine and stimulate the release of dopamine from the terminal buttons

106
Q

long term uses of cocaine and amphetamines causes…

A

hallucinations, delusions of paranoia, and psychotic behaviour

107
Q

psychedelic drugs / hallucinogens

A

directly influence the sensory systems and our interpretation of reality, cause distortions in our sense of time and space

108
Q

an experience where senses seem to blend and merge together (could be cause by hallucinogens)

A

synesthesia

109
Q

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

A

a synthetic drug that causes altered emotions and a sense of being in a waking dream, causes vivid sensory hallucinations, alternations in perceptions of time and space, and blurring of perceptions between the senses by acting as an agonist of serotonin in the thalamus (the relay centre)

110
Q

a neurotransmitter that is often implicated in mood

A

serotonin

111
Q

Mescaline

A

derived from the peyote cactus, commonly associated with use in the religious ceremonies in the Native American culture, similar to LSD, enhances colour perception, repeats patterns in the visual field, and often feel out of body (also numbness, tension, anxiety, and intense nausea)

112
Q

Cannabis

A

most commonly used hallucinogen, increases appetite, feelings of euphoria, relaxation, and even paranoia,

113
Q

THC

A

active ingredient in cannabis, found in brain regions such as cerebellum, hippocampus, basal ganglia, and cerebral cortex

PSYA01 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions