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Nursing 142 > Chapter 66 > Flashcards

Chapter 66 Flashcards

0
Q

What are the types of bones?

A

Long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones.

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1
Q

How many bones are there in the human body?

A

206

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2
Q

What is the shaft of the bone called?

A

The diaphysis.

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3
Q

What are the ends of long bones called?

A

Epiphyses.

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4
Q

What covers the ends of long bones?

A

Cartilage.

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5
Q

What are long bones designed for question

A

Weight-bearing and movement.

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6
Q

What is the significance of flat bones?

A

Hematopoiesis and protection of vital organs.

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7
Q

What are the three major cell types and bones?

A

Osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts.

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8
Q

What are circles of mineralized bone matrix called question

A

Lamellae.

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9
Q

What is the fibrous membrane that covers bones?

A

The periosteum.

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10
Q

What is the thin vascular membrane that covers the marrow cavity of long bones and the spaces in cancellous bones?

A

The endosteum.

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11
Q

Where is red bone marrow located?

A

The sternum, ilium, vertebrae and ribs in adults.

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12
Q

What is another word for bone formation?

A

Osteogenesis.

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13
Q

What is the process by which bone matrix is formed?

A

Ossification.

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14
Q

How do bones grow during childhood?

A

Modeling.

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15
Q

What process do adult bones undergo?

A

Remodeling.

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16
Q

How often does complete skeletal turnover occur?

A

Every 10 years.

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17
Q

What stimulates bone remodeling?

A

Physical activity, particularly weight-bearing exercises.

18
Q

What dietary nutrients are necessary for bone health?

A

Calcium and vitamin D.

19
Q

Which hormones affect bone health?

A

The major hormone regulators are parathormone and calcitonin. Both thyroid hormone and cortisol affect bone health. The sex hormones testosterone and estrogen have important effects on bone remodeling.

20
Q

What are the three phases of bone healing?

A

Phase 1: Reactive Phase- The body’s responses similar to that of any other injury. Granulation tissue begins to form.
Phase 2: Reparative Phase- granulation tissue is replaced with callus precursor called procallus.
Phase 3: Remodeling Phase- New bone forms.

21
Q

What is a joint?

A

The junction of two or more bones.

22
Q

What are the types of joints?

A 
▪️ ball and socket joints
▪️ hinge joints
▪️ saddle joints
▪️ pivot joints
▪️ gliding joints
23
Q

What is a ligament?

A

Fibrous connective tissue bands that bind one bone to another bone.

24
Q

What is a bursa?

A

A sac filled with synovial fluid that cushions the movements of bone, tendons, ligaments at a point of friction. They are found at elbows shoulders hips and knees.

25
Q

What is an isometric contraction?

A

The length of the muscle remains the same, but the force increases.

26
Q

What is isotonic contraction?

A

Shortening of the muscle with no increase in tension.

27
Q

What is muscle tone?

A

State of muscle readiness for movement and action.

28
Q

What is a flaccid muscle?

A

A muscle that is limp and without tone.

29
Q

What is a spastic muscle?

A

A muscle with a greater than normal tone.

30
Q

What is an atonic muscle?

A

A soft and flabby denervated muscle.

31
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

The enlargement of muscle tissue.

32
Q

What is atrophy?

A

The increase in muscle size.

33
Q

How is bone pain described?

A

A dull deep ache that is “boring”.

34
Q

How is muscular pain described?

A

Soreness or aching referred to as “muscle cramps”.

35
Q

What is paresthesia?

A

The sensation of burning, tingling or numbness.

36
Q

What is kyphosis?

A

An increased forward curvature of the thoracic spine.

37
Q

What is lordosis?

A

Exaggerated curvature of the lumbar spine.

38
Q

What is scoliosis?

A

A lateral curvature of the spine.

39
Q

How is gait assessed?

A

The patient walks a short distance away from the examiner.

40
Q

What are some important diagnostic tests of the musculoskeletal system?

A

X-ray, CT scan, MRI, and arthrography.

41
Q

What is bone densitomestry?

A

It estimates bone mineral density.

42
Q

It is a bone scan?

A

It is used to detect primary and metastatic bone tumors, osteomyelitis, some bone fractures and aseptic necrosis.

43
Q

What is arthroscopy?

A

A minimally invasive way to directly visualize the inside of a joint.

Nursing 142 (11 decks)

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