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Psych > chapter 7/13 > Flashcards

chapter 7/13 Flashcards

1
Q

we learn by ___, ___, and ___

A

association, consequences, and acquisition

classical conditioning), (operant conditioning), (cognitive learning

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2
Q

Watson

A

behaviorism

to predict and control behavior

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3
Q

Pavlov

A

associative learning via salivary glands

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4
Q

classical conditioning

A

2 or more stimuli

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5
Q

Neutral stimulus

A

no response

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6
Q

unconditioned response

A

automatic/biological/naturally

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7
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

triggers unconditioned response

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8
Q

acquisition

A

NS+US= NS = CR

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9
Q

extinction

A

if an action is not continuously repeated then the reaction will disappear

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10
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

if a conditioned response reappears after an amount of time where it was not occurring

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11
Q

generalization

A

having the same reaction to a stimulus other than the conditioned stimulus because of their similarities

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12
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

after association with US, comes to trigger a CR

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13
Q

conditioned response

A

becomes CS; previously neutral

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14
Q

Discrimination

A

being able to differentiate between the conditioned stimulus and another stimulus

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15
Q

classical conditioning is a ___ ___ ___

A

basic learning form

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16
Q

Pavlov’s principles are used to influence ___ ___ and ___

A

human health and well-being

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17
Q

Watson believed that

A

human emotions and behaviors are merely a bundle of conditioned responses (CERs)

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18
Q

Operant conditioning

A

CONSEQUENCES

rewarding or punishing stimuli – associate with consequences – reinforcement or punishment

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19
Q

Skinner

A

operant conditioned
behaviorism/behaviorist
skinner box (rat, light, &food)
discounted importance of cognition

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20
Q

reinforcement

A

any event that strengthens a response

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21
Q

shaping

A

gradually building toward desired behavior

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22
Q

positive reinforcement

A

increases behavior by presenting reward (chocolate)

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23
Q

negative reinforcement

A

increases behavior by stopping negative stimuli (advil to relieve a headache)

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24
Q

continuous reinforcement schedule

A

reinforcing a response every time it occurs (best choice for mastering a behavior)

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25
Q

intermittent reinforcement

A

only reinforcing part of the time (best for long-term)

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26
Q

Fixed ratio schedule

A

NUMBERS; reinforces after a specific number of times

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27
Q

Variable ratio schedule

A

NUMBERS; unpredictable (slot machines)

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28
Q

fixed interval schedule

A

TIME; reinforces after a specified time has elapsed

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29
Q

Variable interval schedule

A

TIME; unpredictable (checking emails)

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30
Q

4 drawbacks of punishment

A

suppressed not forgotten; teaches discrimination; fear; increases aggression

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31
Q

mental info that guides behavior is acquired through ___ ___

A

cognitive learning

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32
Q

wagner

A

the more predictable the association, the stronger the conditioned response

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33
Q

association can influence attitudes

A

words associated with things produce stronger likes/dislikes

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34
Q

cognitive map

A

mental representation of layout of one’s environment

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35
Q

observational learning

A

modeling/ watching and imitating others

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36
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

desire to perform a behavior for its own sake

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37
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

perform behavior to receive promised reward or avoid punishment

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38
Q

mirror neurons

A

may provide a neural basis for everyday imitation and observational learning

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39
Q

prosocial effects

A

behavior modeling enhances learning of communication, sales, and customer service skills
nonviolent behavior prompts similar behavior in others

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40
Q

antisocial effects

A

abusive parents = aggressive children

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41
Q

social psychology

A

how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

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42
Q

study of social influences explain

A

why the same person can act differently in different situations

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43
Q

attribution theory

A

theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting the situation or a person’s personality

44
Q

situational attribution

A

the situation is causing the behavior

45
Q

dispositional attribution

A

person’s personality is causing the behavior

46
Q

we often view our behavior as

A

it was the situation that made me act that way

47
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

overestimate the influence of personal traits and underestimate the effects of situation

48
Q

fundamental attribution error is a result from a(n) ____ society

A

individualist

49
Q

attitudes affect

A

actions

50
Q

persuasion takes 2 forms

A

peripheral route & central route

51
Q

peripheral route persuasion

A

automatic, snap judgments;

ex: celebrity endorsements

52
Q

central route persuasion

A

evidence to trigger thoughtful responses

ex: evidence of global warming

53
Q

attitudes affect behavior when

A

external influences are minimal
attitude is stable
specific to the behavior
easily recalled

54
Q

the more we do something

A

the more we become that thing

55
Q

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

A

agree to small request then later comply with later larger request

56
Q

role playing

A

acting a social part by following guidelines of expected behavior
ex: schema of guard

57
Q

Zimbardo experiment

A

guards and prisoners

58
Q

Cognitive dissonance theory

A

we act to reduce discomfort when 2 thoughts are inconsistent

59
Q

chameleon effect

A

natural tendency to mimic others

60
Q

the more we mimic

A

the greater our empathy

61
Q

types of conformity

A

suggestibility and mimicry

62
Q

normative social influence

A

gain approval

63
Q

informational social influence

A

accept others opinions as new info (accommodation)

64
Q

people are more likely to adjust their behavior with a group of people when

A 
they feel insecure
group has 3+ people 
everyone else agrees 
admire group status 
not already committed
know they are being watched 
culture encourages respect for social standards
65
Q

Milgram Obedience Experiments

A

people obeyed even when they thought they were harming another person
strong social influences make ordinary people conform to falsehoods

66
Q

obedience is highest when

A

authority figure giving orders is nearby
prestigious institution supports it
depersonalization
no role models

67
Q

ordinary people put in ___ situations can ___ ___

A

extreme situations can become cruel

68
Q

social facilitation

A

the presence of others arouses people;

improving and decreasing tasks

69
Q

crowding effect

A

crowds arouse people

ex: concerts, comedians, etc

70
Q

social loafing

A

people exert less effort when they are in a group and try harder when they are on their own

71
Q

what causes social loafing

A

feeling less accountable
individual contribution does not matter
lack of identification with group

72
Q

deindividuation

A

loss of self-awareness; anonymity

73
Q

arousal + anonymity =

A

deindividuation

74
Q

group polarization

A

group isolation; encourage same beliefs

75
Q

groupthink

A

desire for harmony overrides alternatives

76
Q

individual power

A

power of individual and power of situation interact

ex: minority consistently expresses views to sway majority

77
Q

separation + conversation =

A

polarization

78
Q

prejudice

A

preexisting schema on a group of people
NOT AN ACTION; IS AN ATTITUDE
discrimination is the action

79
Q

thoughts themselves aren’t bad

A

negative actions are what is bad

80
Q

3 aspects of prejudice

A

Beliefs, emotions, action

schema can cause fear to cause us to act

81
Q

just-world phenomenon

A

good is rewarded and evil is punished

you get what you deserve

82
Q

antisocial relations

A

divides world into “us” and “them”

ingroup and outgroup

83
Q

ingroup

A

who we are and who we aren’t

collectivist ideal

84
Q

outgroup

A

“them”

85
Q

scapegoat theory

A

finding someone to blame
twinge of pleasure
negative emotions nourish prejudice

86
Q

implicit racial associations

A

even people who deny racial prejudice may carry negative associations

87
Q

unconscious patronization

A

minority privilege

88
Q

race-influenced perceptions

A

expectations influence our perceptions

89
Q

reflexive bodily responses / other-race effect

A

able to distinguish faces of own race easier

90
Q

biology influences aggression at 3 levels

A

genetic markers {{{TESTOSTERONE}}}
neural (frontal lobe damage)
biochemical (((TESTOSTERONE)))

91
Q

frustation –> anger –>

A

aggression

92
Q

other things that trigger anger

A

hot temps, insults, pain, odors, etc

93
Q

social scripts

A

how we are supposed to behave

94
Q

3 parts of attraction

A

proximity
physical attraction
similarity

95
Q

mere-exposure effect

A

the more one is exposed to a person the more they like them

96
Q

passionate love

A

BEGINNING OF RELATIONSHIP;

sexual desire + growing attachment

97
Q

2 ingredients of emotions

A

physical arousal and cognitive appraisal

98
Q

companionate love

A

passion fed hormones (testosterone)

  1. equity
  2. self-disclosure
  3. positive support
99
Q

alturism

A

notice incident
interpret as emergency
assume responsibility

100
Q

conflict

A

incompatibility of actions become destructive and produce unwanted results

101
Q

social trap

A

pursuing self-interest rather than the interest of the group

102
Q

mirror-image perceptions

A

each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive
ex: Republicans vs Democrats

103
Q

contact + cooperation

A

can be transformational

104
Q

contact

A

most effective when free of competition

105
Q

superordinate goals

A

shared goals override differences and require cooperation

106
Q

shared predicaments

A

can turn enemies into friends

Psych (3 decks)

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