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Psychology > chapter 7 > Flashcards

chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

learning

A

the acquisition of knowledge, skill, attitudes, or understanding as a result of a experience
- learning occurs after long-lasting change in behavior
- all animals learn

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2
Q

learning begins

A
  • learning begins with a stimulus
  • then we determine if it is important or not
  • ignoring unimportant stimulus -> Habituation
    ringing a bell at a store
    backup camera warning
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3
Q

habituation

A
  • the learned ability to reduce responses
    • a form of non-associative learning
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4
Q

associative learning

A
  • is when two events occur together
    • E.G, habit/environment formation
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5
Q

types of associative learning

A
  • associate stimuli with automatic responses
    -> respondent behavior
    • classical conditioning
  • associate a response (our behavior) with its consequence -> operant behavior
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6
Q

classical conditioning

A
  • when we try to pair a stimulus with a response
    • Lightning +thunder -> startled reaction
      = lightning -> anticipation of booming of thunder
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7
Q

operant conditioning

A
  • a response of being polite
    = getting a treat which leads to -> behavior and actions being strengthened
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8
Q

classical conditioning
- Ivan Pavlov

A
  • unconditional stimulus (US) -> Food
  • unconditional response (UR) -> salivation
    (before learning the bell is a neutral stimulus)
  • pairing of the bell with food
    (after learning the bell is a conditional stimulus)
  • conditioned stimulus (CS) -> bell
  • conditioned response (CR) -> salivation
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9
Q

acquisition

A
  • appearance of conditioned response to the conditioned stimulus
  • this is acquired through association between the CS and the US
  • adaptive behavior that allows for prediction
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10
Q

what would happen after many condition stimulus without any unconditional stimuli?

A
  • extinction: presentation of CS without US results in a weaker CR (conditioned response)
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11
Q

spontaneous recovery

A
  • after no response of CS or US for a while; the presentation of the CS alone results in a strong CR
    • extinction is not forgetting
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12
Q

Classical conditioning
— spontaneous recovery

A
  • after no presentation of CS or US for a while
    -
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13
Q

Classical conditioning
- generalization

A
  • stimuli similar to a conditioned stimulus eliciting a similar response
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14
Q

Classical conditioning
- discrimination

A
  • learned ability to distinguish conditioned stimulus from other unimportant stimuli
    • a response to being approached by a guard dog vs. guide dog
    • a response to different phone notifications
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15
Q

Pavlov’s legacy

A
  • consistent principles of basic learning
    • principle that affect many organisms
      • worms, humans, dogs, slugs, birds, etc.
    • demonstration of how to study tricky topics like learning
      • use of objective laboratory procedures
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16
Q

Reinforcing behavior

A
  • animals use their senses to explore
  • process yields information about consequences
  • more topical learning takes the result of action into account
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17
Q

Throndike’s law of effect
(1874-1949)

A
  • he was not convinced that classroom learning or classical conditioning was all there is
    • put a cat in a cage and put food right outside the cage. ( the cat can see if but not reach it) the cat has to learn to interact with the latch on the outside of the cage so it can go out and enjoy the food
    • operant condition example
  • pleasant outcome = more likely to repeat
  • unpleasant outcome = less likely to repeat
18
Q

Operant conditioning

A
  • behavior operates in the environment, controlling what would happen next
    • operant conditioning is also known as instrumental leaning
      • behavior is instrumental to what happens next
  • developed operant conditioning chambers
    - known as Skinner Boxes
19
Q

Operant conditioning Skinners box

A
  • rat learns that lever/button press delivers
  • action is reinforced through pleasant experience
  • reinforcer: stimulus appearing after response that increases probability of repeating that response
20
Q

Shaping

A
  • providing reinforcers for behaviors close to the desired action
  • can expedite the learning process
  • can help to identify discriminative stimuli
    • what animals can recognize
  • can help learn chains of responses
    - the reinforcer can change based on the animal (ice cream may be reinforcing in summer but it would not be in winter
21
Q

Changing behavior
- operant conditioning

A
  • reinforcement: behavior more like to repeat
    Positive: adding favorable stimulus after behavior
    Negative: removing aversive stimulus after behavior
22
Q

changing behavior of learning

A
  • reinforcement: behavior more likely to repeat
  • punishment: behavior less likely to repeat
23
Q

negative reinforcement

A
  • putting a seatbelt on to stop the annoying beeping in the car
  • taking medicine to end a headaches
24
Q

negative and positive reinforcement:

A
  • after failing an exam, students study harder for the next
    • more effort negatively reinforced: less anxiety
25
Q

changing behavior: negative or positive punishment

A
  • negative: removal of stimulus as penalty after behavior
  • positive: adding aversive stimulus after behavior
26
Q

example of negative punishment

A
  • keeping a child from recess after bad behavior
  • taking away a driver’s license if you have too many tickets
27
Q

examples of positive punishment

A
  • making a child pick up trash on a playground after bad behavior
  • giving tickets to drivers for bad driving behaviors
28
Q

kinds of reinforcers

A
  • define by relation to survival
    • primary reinforcers: fills a biological need (survival; food)
    • secondary reinforcers: (conditioned reinforcer) something associated to primary reinforcers
      - Ex: money
29
Q

reinforcement schedules

A
  • continuous reinforcement schedule: food for every bar press; fast learning, but strong extinction
  • partial/intermittent reinforcement schedule: only some bar presses result in food; slower learning, but resistant to extinction
30
Q

reinforcement schedules
- fixed ratio
- variable ratio

A
  • fixed ratio: reinforcement for every nth response
  • variable ratio: # of responses changes before the reinforcement
  • fixed interval: fixed reinforcement related to time
  • variable interval: next reward varies in time from the last
31
Q

why do we care about fixed ratio reinforcement schedules

A
  • it generates a high rate of response with short pauses after reinforcement
32
Q

why do we care about variable ratio reinforcement schedules

A

it generates a high rate of responses

33
Q

why do we care about fixed interval reinforcement schedules

A

response increases near time for reinforcement

34
Q

why do we care about variable interval reinforcement schedules

A

slower, steady behavior

35
Q

Skinner’s legacy - operant

A
  • attitudes were divided over Skinner’s work
    • education: adaptive testing with feedback
    • sports: reinforcement of basic skills
    • general goal setting and reinforcement of good habits
36
Q

limits on classical conditioning

A
  • learning guided by evolved biological tendencies
  • environment is not everything
37
Q

taste aversion

A
  • it is also known as the Garcia effect
  • we have sensitivity to illness that is specifically tied to food
  • flavor is the driving factor for most animals
    • avoidance of food paired with illnesses
38
Q

what did the taste aversion teach us

A
  • not all stimuli are acquired the same
  • one trial of pairing can be enough for acquisition
  • US and CS can still be paired even if there is time between presentation
39
Q

constrants on operant conditioning

A
  • instinctive drift: tendency for an animal to drift away from conditioned behavior
    -
40
Q

cognition and conditioning

A
  • prediction of outcome is important
  • learning is influenced by motivation
    • intrinsic motivation: perform behavior for its own sake
    • extrinsic motivation: perform behavior for reward or to avoid punishment
    • children read less overall if a reward is tied to reading
41
Q

latent learning

A
  • learning through exposure
    • maze learning

Psychology (14 decks)

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