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A&P > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

The study of bone?

A

Osteology

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2
Q

What is composed of bones, cartilages, and ligaments joined tightly to form a strong, flexible framework for the body?

A

The skeletal system

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3
Q

What are the six functions of the skeleton?

A
  1. ) support
  2. ) protection
  3. ) movement
  4. ) electrolyte balance
  5. ) acid-base balance
  6. ) blood formation
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4
Q

What are bones of the limbs and vertebral column support?

A

The body

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5
Q

What does the mandible and maxilla support?

A

The teeth

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6
Q

What is some viscera supported by?

A

Nearby bones

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7
Q

Bones enclose and protect what?

A
  1. ) brain
  2. ) spinal cord
  3. ) heart
  4. ) lungs
  5. ) pelvic viscera
  6. ) bone marrow
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8
Q

Limb movements, breathing, and other movements are produced by?

A

The action of muscles on the bones

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9
Q

What does the skeleton store?

A

Calcium and phosphate ions

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10
Q

Skeleton releases calcium and phosphate ions where?

A

Into the tissue fluid and blood according to the body’s physiological needs

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11
Q

What does bone tissue buffer?

A

The blood against excessive pH changes

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12
Q

How does the bone tissue buffer the blood against excessive pH changes?

A

By absorbing or releasing alkaline phosphate and carbonate salts

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13
Q

Red bone marrow is the major producer of what?

A

Blood cells, including cells of the immune system

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14
Q

What is osseous(bone) tissue?

A

A connective tissue in which the matrix is hardened by the deposition of calcium phosphate and other minerals

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15
Q

What is mineralization or calcification?

A

The hardening of a tissue because of the deposition of calcium salts

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16
Q

Is bone the hardest substance in the body?

A

No

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17
Q

What are cranial bones called?

A

Flat bones

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18
Q

Flat bones are in the form of what?

A

Thin curved plates

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19
Q

What are some flat bones?

A
  1. ) sternum(breast bone)
  2. ) scapula(shoulder blade)
  3. ) ribs
  4. ) hop bones
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20
Q

What are the most important bones in body movement?

A

Long bones of limbs, humerus, radius and ulna

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21
Q

The wrist and ankle are considered what bone?

A

Short bone

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22
Q

The vertebrae and some skull bones are considered what bone?

A

Irregular bones

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23
Q

What is compact bone?

A

An outer shell of dense white osseous tissue

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24
Q

What encloses a space?

A

The Medullary cavity

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25
Q

What is a loosely organized form of osseous tissue?

A

Cancellous(spongy) bone

26
Q

What are the four types of bone cells?

A
  1. ) Osteogenic cells
  2. ) Osteoblasts
  3. ) Osteocytes
  4. ) Osteoclasts
27
Q

What does bone consist of?

A
  1. ) Cells
  2. ) Fibers
  3. ) Ground substance
28
Q

What are stem cells that develop from embryonic mesenchyme?

A

Osteogenic cells

29
Q

What occurs in the endosteum and inner layer of periosteum?

A

Osteogenic cells

30
Q

What multiplies continually, and some become Osteoblasts?

A

Osteogenic cells

31
Q

What are bone forming cells?

A

Osteoblasts

32
Q

What function do Osteoblasts have?

A

Secrete hormone(osteocalcin)

33
Q

Osteocalcin stimulates what?

A

Insulin secretion by the pancreas, increases insulin sensitivity in the adipocytes, and limits the growth of adipose tissue

34
Q

What are former Osteoblasts that have become trapped in the matrix the deposited?

A

Osteocytes

35
Q

Osteocytes reside(stay in) tiny cavities called?

A

Lacunae

36
Q

Lacunae is interconnected by slender channels called?

A

Canaliculi

37
Q

What are the functions of Osteocytes?

A
  1. ) Resorb bone matrix

2. ) deposit bone matrix

38
Q

Osteocytes are more importantly what?

A

Strain sensors

39
Q

What are bone-dissolving cells on the bone surfaces?

A

Osteoclasts

40
Q

What develops from the same bone marrow stem cells that give rise to the blood cells?

A

Osteoclasts

41
Q

What bone cell has its own independent origin?

A

Osteoclasts

42
Q

What bone cell has usually 3-4 nuclei, but sometimes 50?

A

Osteoclasts

43
Q

Osteoclasts often reside in pits called?

A

Resorption bays

44
Q

Bone remodeling results from combined action of what?

A
  1. ) bone-dissolving osteoclasts

2. ) bone-depositing osteoblasts

45
Q

The matrix of osseous tissue is, by dry weight?

A

About one-third organic and two-thirds inorganic matter

46
Q

The organic matter is described under what?

A

Organic compounds

47
Q

The inorganic matter is what?

A

Hydroxyapatite

48
Q

Bone is in a class of materials that engineers call?

A

Composite

49
Q

Spongy bone consists of lattice of delicate slivers called?

A

Spicules and trabeculae

50
Q

Spongy bone has more surface area exposed to what?

A

Osteoclasts than compact bone does

51
Q

What is a general term for soft tissue that occupies that marrow cavity of a a long bone?

A

Bone marrow

52
Q

What are the two kinds of marrow?

A

Red and yellow

53
Q

In a child, the marrow cavity of nearly every bone is filled with what?

A

Red bone marrow(myeloid tissue)

54
Q

In adults, most of the red marrow turns to fatty what?

A

Yellow bone marrow

55
Q

Yellow bone marrow no longer produces what?

A

Blood unless of severe or chronic anemia

56
Q

Red bone marrow occupies the marrow of?

A

The axial skeleton and proximal heads of the humerus and femur

57
Q

Yellow bone marrow occurs in the?

A

Long bones and limbs

58
Q

The formation of bone is called?

A

Ossification

59
Q

What are the two methods of ossification?

A
  1. ) intramembranous

2. ) endochondral

60
Q

Intramembranous ossification produces what?

A

The flat bones of the skull and most of the clavicle(collarbone)

61
Q

What is the process of endochondral ossification?

A

A bone develops from a preexisting model composed of hyaline cartilage

62
Q

A plate of hyaline cartilage between the epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone?

A

Epiphyseal plate

A&P (2 decks)

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