Chapter 7-8 Review for Test (Monday November 20)

Question 1

Who discovered the microscope lenses?

Answer 1

Robert Hooke

Question 2

What does the cell theory state?

Answer 2

All living things are made up of cells
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things
New cells are produced from existing cells

Question 3

What is the compound light structure?

Answer 3

It allows light to pass through a specimen and uses two lenses to form an image

Question 4

What are some limitations of compound microscopes?

Answer 4

1. Light waves are detracted or scattered as they pass through matter
2. Most living cells are nearly transparent so using chemical dyes or stains can solve this problem

Question 5

What is a transmission electron microscope?

Answer 5

It makes it possible to explore cell structures and large protein molecules
The specimens must be cut very thin
This is why they appear 2 dimensional
It produces 3-D images in black and white
Scientists use false color using computer techniques Can only be used to study nonliving cells and tissues

Question 6

What is a Prokaryote?

Answer 6

The Cell Membrane is present
Genetic material is NOT contained within the nucleus
Smaller and Simpler than a Eukaryote
Bacteria
Grow reproduce and Respond to the environment and in some cases glide a long surfaces or swim through liquids

Question 7

What is a Eukaryote?

Answer 7

The Cell Membrane is present
The Nucleus separates the Genetic material from the rest of of the cell organelles
Contains dozens of structures and internal membranes
Highly Specialized
Plants, animals and Fungi
Larger and more Complex than Prokaryote

Question 8

What is one major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Answer 8

Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus

Question 9

What is the Nucleus?

Answer 9

Contains all the cells DNA

Controls most cell processes

Question 10

What is the Nuclear Envelope?

Answer 10

A double membrane separated by a space in between
Dotted with nuclear pores which allows materials to flow in and out of the nucleus
A steady stream of proteins, RNA and other molecules move through the nuclear pores

Question 11

What is the Nucleolus?

Answer 11

A small dense region in the nucleus

This is where the assembly of ribosomes begin

Question 12

What are Chromosomes?

Answer 12

DNA and associated proteins are found inside the nucleus as Chromatin
DNA is the hereditary material of the cell
During cell division the chromatin filaments become densely coiled, forming compact chromosomes

Question 13

What is the Golgi Apparatus?

Answer 13

The Golgi Apparatus appears as a stack of flattened pancakes
Modifies and sorts and packages proteins and other materials from the ER for storage in the cell or release to the outside

Question 14

What are Vacuoles?

Answer 14

Large, sack-like membranes enclosed structures

Store materials like water, salts, proteins and carbohydrates

Question 15

What is the Central Vacuole?

Answer 15

A large vacuole filled with liquid that increases the rigidity of plants, which enables them to support heavy structures like leaves and flowers

Question 16

What are Contractile Vacuoles?

Answer 16

Found in some unicellular organisms and in some animals

It contracts rythmically and pumps excess water out of the cell

Question 17

What are Vesicles?

Answer 17

Store and move material between the cell organelles as well as to and from the cell surface

Question 18

Where are proteins synthesized?

Answer 18

On the Ribosomes

Question 19

What are Ribosomes?

Answer 19

Small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm
Ribosomal proteins are transported through the nuclear pores into the Nucleolus
RNA is assembled with the ribosomal subunits
These sub-units leave the nucleolus and nucleus through the nuclear pores
They combine with each other in the cells cytoplasm to make ribosomes

Question 20

What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum?

Answer 20

The outer membrane of the nuclear envelope is continuous with a series of membranes in the cytoplasm

Question 21

What is the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum? And why is it called Rough?

Answer 21

It is called rough because it has ribosomes attached to it

After the proteins are manufactured in ribosomes they enter the RER where they are

Question 22

Where are proteins made?

Answer 22

On the Rough ER