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Sociology 1101 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Deviance

A

behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society

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2
Q

Stigma

A

labels society uses to devalue members of certain social groups

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3
Q

Social control

A

techniques and strategies employed for preventing deviant human behavior in any society

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4
Q

Informal social control

A

used casually to enforce norms

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5
Q

Formal social control

A

carried out by authorized agents

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6
Q

Anomie

A

loss of direction felt in society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective

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7
Q

Anomie theory of deviance five basic forms of adaptation

A 
Conformity
Retreatism
Innovation
Ritualism
Rebellion
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8
Q

Cultural transmission

A

humans learn how to behave in social situations, whether properly or improperly

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9
Q

Differential association

A

process through which exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts leads to the violation of rules

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10
Q

social disorganization theory

A

some say it claims to blame the victim

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11
Q

Labeling theory

A

attempts to explain why some people are viewed as deviants while others are not

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12
Q

Societal-reaction approach

A

another term for labeling theory, designed to remind us that the response to an act, not the behavior, determines deviance

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13
Q

Labeling and Agents of Social Control

A

Focuses on police, probation officers, psychiatrists, judges, teachers, employers, school officials, and other regulators of social control

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14
Q

Social constructionist perspective

A

deviance a product of the culture we live in

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15
Q

Differential justice

A

differences in way social control is exercised over different groups

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16
Q

Adler and Chesney-Lind suggest existing approaches to deviance and crime developed with men in mind

A

Great effort undertaken by feminist organizations to redefine legal definitions of rape
Cultural views and attitudes toward women influence how they are perceived and labeled

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17
Q

Social control occurs at all levels of society

A

Family, peers, school, bureaucracy, government

18
Q

Sanctions

A

penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm

19
Q

The Milgram Experiment

A

Experimenter instructed people to administer increasingly painful electric shocks to a subject

20
Q

Conformity

A

going along with peers who have no special right to direct behavior

21
Q

Obedience

A

compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure

22
Q

Two-thirds of participants fell into category of “obedient subjects

A

People in modern industrial world accustomed to submitting to impersonal authority figures

23
Q

Informal social control is used casually to enforce norms

A

Smiles, laughter, raised eyebrows, ridicule

24
Q

Law

A

governmental social control

25
Q

Control theory

A

connection to members of society leads people to systematically conform to society’s norms

26
Q

Crime

A

violation of criminal law for which governmental authority applies formal penalties

27
Q

Six types differentiated by sociologists

A 
Victimless crimes
Professional crime
Organized crime
White-collar and technology-based crime
Hate crimes
Transnational crime
28
Q

Victimless Crimes

A

Willing exchange among adults of widely desired, but illegal, goods and services

29
Q

Professional Crime

A

person who pursues crime as a day-to-day occupation

30
Q

Organized Crime

A

Group that regulates relations between various criminal enterprises involved in illegal activities

31
Q

White-collar crime

A

illegal acts committed in the course of business activities

32
Q

Computer crime

A

use of high technology to carry out embezzlement or electronic fraud

33
Q

Corporate crime

A

any act by a corporation that is punishable by the government

34
Q

Hate Crimes

A

Offender is motivated to choose a victim based on race, religion, ethnic group, national origin, or sexual orientation, and when evidence shows that hatred prompted offender to commit the crime

35
Q

Transnational Crime

A

Crime that occurs across multiple national borders

36
Q

Index crimes

A

Violent crimes against people-Murder, rape, robbery, assault

Crimes against property -Burglary, theft, motor vehicle theft, arson

37
Q

Victimization surveys

A

surveys of ordinary people, not police officers, to determine whether they have been victims of crime

38
Q

Crime Trends

A

Public regards crime as major social problem, yet rate of crime being reported in 2012 was comparable to what it was in 1963

39
Q

Feminist scholars

A

proportion of major crimes committed by women has increased

40
Q

International Crime Rates

A

Violent crimes much more common in U.S. than in western Europe in 1980s and 1990s

41
Q

Gun Control

A

Guns are big business in the U.S.; very high ratio of guns to people in the U.S.

Sociology 1101 (8 decks)

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