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Biology > Chapter 7 - Nervous System I (Neurons) > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Nervous System I (Neurons) Flashcards

1
Q

Afferent (Sensory )Neurons Definition

A

Neurons carrying messages TO the CNS

*Located in Dorsal Root Ganglion

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2
Q

Efferent (Motor) Neurons Definition

A

Neurons carrying messages FROM the CNS

*Located in grey matter of spinal cord
(leaves CNS and goes to skeletal muscle)

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3
Q

Dendrites Definition

A

Projection from cell body that carry messages TO cell body

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4
Q

Axons Definition

A

Large projection that carry messages AWAY from cell body

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5
Q

Interneuron Definition

A

Located between sensory and motor neurons , within the CNS

  • Integrate and interpret sensory signals
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6
Q

Myelin Definition

A
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7
Q

Myelin Sheath Definition

A
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8
Q

Myelinated Neurons Definition

A

Neurons with axons covering neuroglial cells that contain protein myelin

*Carry messages faster than non-myelinated neurons

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9
Q

Schwann Cells Definition

A

Form myelin sheaths

*Found in PNS

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10
Q

Oligodendrocytes Definition

A

Form myelin sheaths

*Found in CNS

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11
Q

Nodes of Ranvier Definition

A

Spaces on axon between glial cells

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12
Q

Ions Definition

A
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13
Q

Ion Channels Definition

A
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14
Q

Action Potential Definition

A

Sodium ions and Potassium ions crossing cell membrane through Ion channels

  • Ion channel designed to only allow certain ions to pass through
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15
Q

Repolarization Definition

A

Caused by potassium ions leaving axon

*When potassium ions open up and allow K+ OUT of the axon, making the inside negative

(action potential travels down the axon)

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16
Q

Depolarization Definition

A

Caused by Sodium ions entering the axon

  • When sodium ions open and sodium rushes in, making the INSIDE positively charged
17
Q

Membrane Potential Definition

A

Difference in charge between inside and outside of neuron

18
Q

Resting Potential Definition

A

A neuron not conduction a message

*When a neuron is resting, there is MORE Sodium OUTSIDE cell and MORE Potassium INSIDE cell

*Inside of the cell has a negative charge compared to the outside cell

19
Q

Sodium Potassium Pump Definition

A

To maintain a resting membrane , neurons pump Sodium OUT of the cell and Potassium INTO the cellf

(this is active transport = requires ATP)

Restores original conditions of pumping sodium OUT of the cell and potassium back IN

20
Q

Synapse Definition

A

Junction between two neurons or between neuron and muscle

21
Q

Synaptic Cleft Definition

A

The gap between presynaptic neuron and post-synaptic neuron

22
Q

Synaptic Vesicles Definition

A

Small vesicles that are clustered at presynaptic terminals

*Store neurotransmitters and release them by calcium triggered exocytosis

23
Q

Neurotransmitters Definition

A

A chemical messenger that the body can’t function without

24
Q

Acetylcholine Definition

A

Acts in both PNS and CNS as a neurotransmitter

*Causes voluntary muscles to contract

25
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS) Definition

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

26
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Definition

A

Nervous tissue outside brain and spinal cord

*Sense organs

27
Q

Neurons Definition

A

Cells responsible for transmitting messages

28
Q

Neuroglial Cells Definition

A

Cells that support the neurons

29
Q

Microglia Definition

A

Immune system cells, engluf bacteria and cellular debris

30
Q

Cell Body Definition

A

Contains the nucleus, main body of cell

31
Q

Functions of Myelin Sheaths

A
  1. The main benefit of myelin sheaths is that myelinated neurons are able to carry messages faster than non-myelinated neurons
  2. Myelin sheaths from Schwann cells also help regenerate injured PNS neuron axons
32
Q

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Definition

A

Destruction of Myelin Sheath that surrounds axons in CNS

*Results in : Paralysis , loss of sensation , loss of vision

33
Q

Refractory Period Definition

A

Sodium channels inactive for awhile after action potential passess

34
Q

Transmission across the synaptic cleft

A
  1. The action potential gets to the end of the presynaptic axon
  2. The action potential triggers Ca2+ to enter the presynaptic axon terminal
  3. The Ca2+ triggers synaptic vesicles located at the axon terminal to merge with the neural membrane Transmission across the synaptic cleft
  4. The synaptic vesicles release the
    neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft
  5. These neurotransmitters travel across the synaptic cleft to the postsynaptic neuron (or the muscle)
  6. Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron (or muscle)
  7. These receptors are ligand-gated sodium ion channels that allow Na+ to enter the postsynaptic neuron (or muscle) and trigger an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron (or muscle contraction)
  8. Once the neurotransmitters are released they need to be destroyed or contained quickly or they will continue to stimulate the nerve
35
Q

Myasthenia Gravis Definition

A

Autoimmune disease that attacks the acetylcholine receptors, resulting in reduced muscle strength

Biology (22 decks)

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