Chapter 7 Networks

Question 1

Graph

Answer 1

(sociogram) a visual representation of relations between actors in a network

Question 2

Nodes

Answer 2

actors within a network, in social networks, these are often individuals

Question 3

edges

Answer 3

the ties in the network

Question 4

2 types of edges

Answer 4

directed (relationship between actors is specified- can be assymmetrical) Undirected: relationship between actors is unspecified (symmetrical=two sided= reciprocal)

Question 5

personal network

Answer 5

a network presenting all the ties that a certain person (ego) has to others (alters)

Question 6

Dyads

Answer 6

each (possible) relationship between ego and alter

Question 7

adjecency matrix

Answer 7

a matrix representing who has a relation to whom in a network (sender-receiver) (tabel schema)

Question 8

indegree

Answer 8

the number of nominations a person receives from other

Question 9

outdegree

Answer 9

the number of nominations a person makes

Question 10

strong ties

Answer 10

postive relationships in which people feel emotionally close to one another, trust each other and help each other out when needed

Question 11

weak ties

Answer 11

(acquintances) a more superficial of instrumental relationship between two people who see each other not that often and are emotionally less clos to one another (minimum positive tie)

Question 12

Distincition in ties made (3)

Answer 12

1) emotional closeness 2) frequency of interaction 3) reciprocity

Question 13

in negative relations..

Answer 13

people undermine the well-being, personal development and resources of other person

Question 14

Hierarchical network layers

Answer 14

(every network also consists of the layers before) Core (spouse/few best friends)-sympathy (close family members/friends)- Affinity (peers/more distant family members (relatively frequent contact))- Active(maintain active relation)-total personal network (people merely known on first basis and people hardly contact)

Question 15

name generator

Answer 15

a survey question which asks the respondent to mention the names or initials of alters in their personal network

Question 16

hub

Answer 16

highly connected and central nodes in network

Question 17

hubs in personal network

Answer 17

The distribution of personal networks size follows a power law (highly skewed, long tail, around 500/600). A small number of individuals have very many social ties0

Question 18

network density (measure)

Answer 18

the ratio of all realized ties in a network to the number of all possible ties in the same network ( K(k-1)/2= possible ties, d= realized ties/possible ties) gaat over tussen alters, niet tussen ego en alters!

Question 19

triad

Answer 19

a network of three actors and the (possible) ties between them

Question 20

triadic closure

Answer 20

(transivity) the situation in which the two alters of one ego are also connected to each other

Question 21

transivity tendency

Answer 21

if ego A has ties to alters B and C, then B and C are more likely to be (positively) connected compared with the situation in which ego A has a tie to either B or C (or to neither). (your connections likely know each other well)

Question 22

reasons transivity tendency

Answer 22

1) meeting opportunities 2) homophily 3) structural balance ( strength ties moderate this - Granovetter)

Question 23

forbidden triad

Answer 23

a triad in which ego A has strong ties to alters B and C, bu t in which no tie exists between B and C

Question 24

small world phenomenon

Answer 24

in a large scale contempary societies, two randomly chosen individuals are personally connected in only a few steps (5/6), via their friends, acquaintances and family

Question 25

community

Answer 25

a cluster of nodes that are more connected internally than externally (directly and undirectly)

Question 26

community bonding ties

Answer 26

ties between people within the same community

Question 27

community bridging ties

Answer 27

ties between people of different communities (often weak ties)

Question 28

small world network

Answer 28

a network that is characterized by a high level of local clustering and low average path length

Question 29

Tonnie’s theory of loss-of community

Answer 29

The larger the size of the population , the fewer opportunities people have repeatedly meeting the same people face-to-face

Question 30

Putnam’s theory of loss-of community

Answer 30

The more often people make use of modern communication technology (tv, internet,mobile), the fewer opportunities they have for repeatedly meeting the same people face-to-face

Question 31

social cohesion

Answer 31

the degree to which individuals and groups have (strongly) positive relationships with each other, as opposed to no/neutral relationships or (strongly) negative relationships. (order, trust, solidarity, social support and cooperation between people opposite of a fragmented, disintegrated society, in which there are many conflicts, negative ties, distrust and uncooperative behavior)

Question 32

positive relationships

Answer 32

In these kind of relations people tend to help each other, cooperate and trust each other—although the extent to which this is the case depends on tie-strength. (a friendship relation, marriage, cohabitation, but also the weaker ties between individuals; all sorts of relationships—strong and weak—which are generally evaluated as positive between two persons)

Question 33

negative relationships

Answer 33

These kind of relations indicate that two persons have a conflict, or they dislike each other, or don’t trust the other person. Similar to positive ties, negative ties are also a matter of degree.. In weakly negative relations:
1) persons are not willing to help each other
2) they put some effort into harming and obstructing the goals of the other person
3) they tend to distrust each other. When the tie becomes more strongly negative, the distrust is higher and efforts to harm or obstruct the other also increase.

Question 34

personal network cohesion

Answer 34

the degree to which someone’s personal network consists of (strongly) positive relationships as opposed to no/neutral relationships or even (strongly) negative relationships.

Question 35

Sociologists study the cohesiveness of personal networks in various areas of research

Answer 35

• Family sociology (marriage, parent-child relationship)
• Sociology of adolescence and youth (friendship, bullying)
• Organizational sociology (work relations, cooperation in teams)

Question 36

social capital paradigm

Answer 36

perspective according to which social networks have some sort of value

Question 37

network closure

Answer 37

highly connected dense network

Question 38

network closure and norms

Answer 38

P. The degree of closure in a certain network has a positive effect on the conformity to the social norms of that network (coleman)- can also have intergenerational closure (parents, monitoring their own and kids of friends)

Question 39

trust (p)

Answer 39

P. The more positive the relationship between ego and alter, the more they trust each other. (tie strength and trust)
P. The higher the degree of closure in the network shared by ego and alter, the more ego and alter trust each other. (network closure and trust)
P. The more social interactions people have with friends, family members and other community members, the stronger their generalized trust. (social ties and generalized trust)

Question 40

particularized trust

Answer 40

trust in the smaller circle of closely related people, which typically include friends, family members and others with whom one frequently interacts, and who are embedded in the communities of interrelated ties to which one belongs.

Question 41

generalized trust

Answer 41

trust one places in people in general, beyond one’s friends and immediate social surroundings, such as strangers and political leaders

Question 42

health and well being p

Answer 42

P. The higher someone’s network cohesion, the better their health and well-being. (network cohesion and health)
- more emotional and social support
P. The better the health and well-being of people’s network ties, the better their own health and well-being (network health and health).
- same lifestyle
- stress if connections are sick