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Phys Exam 2 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

central nervous system consists of..

A
  • brain and spinal cord
  • function in control and integrator
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2
Q

peripheral nervous system

A
  • spinal nerves
  • cranial nerves
  • sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body
  • communication
  • connects CNS to receptors, glands, etc
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3
Q

protection of the CNS

A
  • cranium encases brain
  • vertebral column surrounds spinal cord
  • meninges
  • cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
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4
Q

meninges

A
  • dura mater
  • arachnoid mater (subarachnoid space)
  • pia mater
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5
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A
  • found in ventricles
  • formed by choroid plexuses (ependymal cells)
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6
Q

CSF functions

A
  • buoyancy
  • protection
  • maintenance of chemical environment
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7
Q

how many times a day is CSF replaced?

A

4

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8
Q

cerebrum

A
  • highest, most complex
  • largest portion of the brain
  • higher cognitive function
  • inner core houses basal nuclei
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9
Q

2 halves of the cerebrum

A
  • right and left cerebral spaces
  • connected by corpus callosum
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10
Q

cerebral cortex

A
  • cortex = outer shell of gray matter that covers each hemisphere
  • central core of white matter
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11
Q

lobes of the cerebral cortex

A

occipital, temporal, parietal, frontal, and insula

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12
Q

white matter of the cerebral cortex is..

A

myelinated

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13
Q

frontal lobe

A
  • contain the motor cortices
  • voluntary movement of skeletal muscle
  • executive reasoning
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14
Q

parietal lobe

A

contain the somatosensory cortices (perception of senses like touch, pressure, heat, cold, pain)

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15
Q

primary motor cortex

A

voluntary movement, anterior to central sulcus

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16
Q

primary somatosensory cortex

A

posterior to central sulcus

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17
Q

temporal lobe

A

auditory cortex, perception and interpretation of auditory information

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18
Q

occipital lobe

A

visual cortex, perception and interpretation of visual images

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19
Q

insula

A

integration of sensory information with visceral responses, assessing body states

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20
Q

techniques for visualization of the brain

A

position emission tomography (PET)
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
electroencephalogram (EEG)

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21
Q

position emission tomography (PET)

A
  • produces a 3D image or picture of functional processes in the body
  • brain metabolism
  • injection of radionucleotide tracer
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22
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A
  • protons (H+) are charged and spun
  • use of magnet, more structural
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23
Q

electroencephalogram (EEG)

A
  • brain waves
  • least reliable, lots of variables
  • cap with gel
  • records activity of brain
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24
Q

contralateral

A

left side of brain is responsible for right side of body and vice versa

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25
Q

left hemisphere of the brain

A

usually dominant, language, analytical ability

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26
Q

right hemisphere of the brain

A

visuospatial, patterns, reading maps

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27
Q

rupturing of the corpus callosum leads to..

A

coordination issues

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28
Q

language control

A

two principal areas in the left cerebral hemisphere
- brocas area
- wernickes area

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29
Q

brocas area

A

coordinates complex fine motor functions involved in speech (control of tongue, lips, etc.)

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30
Q

wernickes area

A

responsible for ability to comprehend language and formulate words

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31
Q

aphasia

A

disturbance in comprehension and expression of language

32
Q

brocas aphasia

A

condition resulting from damage to brocas area
- speech is poorly articulated
- understand what is spoken, but have difficulty responding
- unable to speak fluently, mispronounce words, speaking haltingly

33
Q

wenickes aphasia

A

damage to wernickes area, unable to understand or produce meaningful language
- speak easily, using real and made-up words
- can’t understand spoken or written language
- oral and written language must project to wernickes area
- wernickes area projects to brocas

34
Q

basal nuclei

A

masses of gray matter located deep within cerebrum

35
Q

basal nuclei functions

A
  • suppressing useless of unwanted patterns of movement
  • modifying ongoing activity in motor pathways
  • release dopamine
36
Q

parkinsons

A
  • CNS affects movement often include tremors
  • loss of dopamine
  • basal nuclei not as active
37
Q

leva dopa (L-dopa)

A

synthetic dopamine
- dopamine cannot cross over BBB, precursor molecule must be added

38
Q

limbic system

A

group of cerebral nuclei

39
Q

limbic system functions

A
  • emotions
  • aggression
  • fear
  • “smell brain”
  • sex drive and behavior
  • goal-directed behavior
  • reward and punishment
40
Q

short term memory

A

< 30 sec

41
Q

long term memory

A

> 30 sec

42
Q

non-declarative memory

A

memory of simple skills

43
Q

declarative memory

A

memory of facts and events

44
Q

memories are stored in..

A

various regions

45
Q

memory consolidation

A

temporal lobes (amygdala and hippocampus) involved in converting short-term memory to long-term memory
- sleep is needed for this

46
Q

long-term memory appears to involve..

A

changes in synaptic transmission in particular neural pathways

47
Q

emotions role in memories

A

sometimes strengthen or weaken memory formation
- stress impairs memory consolidation
- memories are stored but retrieval is hindered

48
Q

amygdala role in memory

A

if memory has an emotional component, amygdala is involved in memory formation

49
Q

efferent division

A

carries autonomic info from CNS to PNS

50
Q

alzheimer’s disease

A

most common form of dementia

51
Q

alzheimer’s characteristics

A
  • loss of neurons
  • accumulation of extracellular proteins = amyloid plaques (now controversial because of fabricated scientifical data)
  • accumulation of intracellular proteins forming neurofibrillary tangles
52
Q

diencephalon consists of..

A

thalamus = relay (receives and sends info)
hypothalamus = below

53
Q

functions of hypothalmus

A
  • homeostasis
  • body temperature
  • thirst and urine output
  • food intake
  • controls pituitary hormone secretion
  • circadian rhythm = 24 hrs, light/dark
  • control of ANS
  • eyes
54
Q

brain stem

A

critical like between spinal cord and higher brain regions

55
Q

brain stem functions

A
  • vegetative functions
  • breathing, digestive, etc.
  • involuntary
56
Q

brain stem consists of

A

medulla, pons and midbrain

57
Q

midbrain

A

controls motor movements of the eye and auditory processing

58
Q

reticular activation system (RAS)

A
  • network of neurons in brainstem that project to cortex
  • activated by receipt of sensory info (induces nonspecific arousal to cerebrum like waking up when you have to pee)
  • many drugs act on the RAS to promote either sleep or wakefulness
59
Q

medulla oblongata functions

A
  • relay between brain and spinal cord
  • contains nuclei that control basal survival functions
60
Q

cardiac center of the medulla oblongata

A

regulates HR and contractile force

61
Q

respiratory center of the medulla oblongata

A

regulates respiration

62
Q

vasomotor center of the medulla oblongata

A

controls blood vessel diameter and blood pressure

63
Q

function of sleep

A

bad proteins get clears out that affect alzheimers

64
Q

categories of sleep

A
  • REM: rapid eye movements
  • NREM
65
Q

cerebellum

A

2nd largest structure in the brain

66
Q

cerebellum functions

A
  • planning, initiating, and timing motor movements
  • maintains proper position of the body in space
  • coordination of motor activity
  • plays key role in learning skilled motor tasks
67
Q

damage to the cerebellum produces ataxia which is..

A

uncoordinated movements

68
Q

spinal cord

A
  • part of CNS
  • transmits sensory and motor information
  • 31 pairs of spinal nerves leave spinal cord
  • arranged in ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) fiber tracts
69
Q

spinal cord structure

A
  • tracts of axons - white matter
  • ascending tracts: carry sensory information up to the brain
  • descending tracts: down
70
Q

spinal nerves

A
  • PNS
  • all are mixed nerves (dorsal and ventral root)
  • integration of many basic reflexes
71
Q

reflex

A

simple, stereotyped response to a stimulus, hand on hot stove

72
Q

reflex arc

A

pathway mediating a reflex

73
Q

reflex arc components

A

sensory -> afferent -> integrating center -> efferent -> response

74
Q

spinal cord reflex

A

withdrawl reflex

75
Q

withdrawl reflex

A
  • nociceptor
  • afferent
  • integration
  • motor (stimulate flexors and inhibit extensors)
    can be overriden by cortex
76
Q

cranial nerves

A
  • part of PNS
  • 12 pairs
  • arise from brain
  • carry sensory, motor or both

Phys Exam 2 (4 decks)

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