Chapter 8

Question 1

Innate

Answer 1

one theory that is part of the human language.

Question 2

Innateness Hypothesis

Answer 2

Linguistic theory of language acquisition which holds that at least some knowledge about language exists in humans at birth.

Question 3

Imitation Theory

Answer 3

Children learn language by listening to the speech around them and reproducing sound.

Question 4

Linguistic Univerals

Answer 4

Humans have innate knowledge of some core characteristics common to all languages such as noun and verb.

Question 5

Universal Grammar

Answer 5

The theoretically unborn set of structural characteristics shared by all languages

Question 6

Critical Period

Answer 6

A period of time in an individual’s life during which a behavior (language) must be acquired.

Question 7

Homesign

Answer 7

Gesture are communicative gestures that are invented by deaf children and the people whom they routinely interact in cases where a signed language is not made available.

Question 8

Imitation Theory

Answer 8

Claims children learn langue by listening to the speech around them and reproducing what they hear.

Question 9

Reinforcement Thoery

Answer 9

Asserts that children learn to speak like adults because they are praised, rewarded, or otherwise reinforced when they use the right forms and are corrected when they use wrong forms.

Question 10

Active Construction of a Grammar Theory

Answer 10

The most influential theory of language acquisition, holds that children actually invent the rules of grammar themselves.

Question 11

Connectionits Theories

Answer 11

Language acquisition assume that children learn a language by creating neutral connections in the brain.

Question 12

Rules

Answer 12

Children exploit statistical information from linguistic input.

Question 13

Social Interaction Thoery

Answer 13

Assumes that children acquire language through social interaction, with older children and adults in particular.

Question 14

Child-directed speech

Answer 14

Speech to infants that are slow and high pitched.

Question 15

Neglected Children

Answer 15

Neglected by caretakers

Question 16

Feral Children

Answer 16

Grew up in the wild, often with animals.

Question 17

High Amplitude Sucking

Answer 17

One of the most successful techniques used for studying the abilities of infants up to the age of six months.

Question 18

Conditioned Head-Turn Procedure

Answer 18

Usually used with infants between five and eighteen months.

Question 19

Articulatory Gestures

Answer 19

Involved in producing a particular sound, as well as the timing relationships between these gestures.

Question 20

Babble

Answer 20

Producing sequences of vowels and consonants if they are acquiring spoken language, or producing hand movements if they are acquiring signed language.

Question 21

Repeated or Canonical Babbling

Answer 21

The continual repetition of syllables helps the infant practice a sequence of consonant and vowel sounds.

Question 22

Variegated Babbling

Answer 22

Instead of repeating the same syllables as in [mamamama], the infant strings together different syllables as in [bugabimo].

Question 23

Holophrastic stage

Answer 23

The single words produced at this stage are used as more than just labels for objects or events; they may be sued for naming, commenting, requesting, inquiring, and so on.

Question 24

Telegraphic

Answer 24

The speech of young children.

Question 25

Overgeneralization

Answer 25

The process of extending the application of a rule to items that are excluded fro it in the language norm.

Question 26

Complexive Concept

Answer 26

When a child associates different characteristics with the meaning of a word on successive uses, thereby creating a set of objects that do not have any particular unifying characteristics.

Question 27

Overextension

Answer 27

When a child extends the range of a word’s meaning beyond that typically used by adults.

Question 28

Underextensions

Answer 28

Is the application of a word to a smaller set of objects than is appropriate for mature adult speech.

Question 29

Relational term

Answer 29

Large or small constitutes a relatively complex concept.

Question 30

Deictic Expressions

Answer 30

Words referring to personal, temporal, or spatial aspects of an utterance, and whose meaning depends on the context in which the word is used.

Question 31

Infant-directed speech or child-directed speech

Answer 31

Speech directed at children

Question 32

Attention Getters

Answer 32

Tell utterances are addressed to them rather than to someone else.

Question 33

Attention holders

Answer 33

Have more than one thing to say, for example, when telling a story.

Question 34

Seond-language acquisition

Answer 34

Another way of becoming bilingual is to learn a second language not as a young child but rather later than life.

Question 35

Bilingual or Multilingual

Answer 35

Can speak more than one language.

Question 36

Language mixing or codeswitching

Answer 36

Using more than one language in a conversation or even within a phrase.

Question 37

Fossilization

Answer 37

Non-native forms, as part of either the morpho-syntax or pronunciation, can become fixed and not change, even after years of instruction.

Question 38

Transfer

Answer 38

Can be positive or negative, depending on whether it facilitates or inhibits the learning of the second language.

Question 39

Foreign Accent

Answer 39

Most second-language speakers speak with.

Question 40

Conversational Turns

Answer 40

When adults talk to very young infants.