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PSYCH 275 > Chapter 8: Emotion and Health > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Emotion and Health Flashcards

1
Q

What is emotion?

A

In increase or decrease in physiological activity accompanied by feelings that are characteristic of that emotion

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2
Q

What is emotion often accompanied by?

A

Characteristic behaviour or facial expressions

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3
Q

What does your sympathetic nervous system do?

A

Activates the body during arousal, it increases heart rate, constricts peripheral blood vessels allowing for running away, it increases respiration and sweat gland activity, raises blood pressure and diverts blood to muscles

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4
Q

Does the sympathetic nervous system stimulate or inhibit the adrenal glands to release hormones?

A

STIMULATE

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5
Q

What does your parasympathetic nervous system do?

A

Shuts down the body following arousal, decreases heart rate, respiration and sweat gland activity, returns blood vessels to normal constriction, resumes digestion

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6
Q

What is the phrase used for the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems respectively? (__________ and _________)

A

Fight or flights for sympathetic and rest and digest for parasympathetic

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7
Q

How is muscular activation involved in emotion?

A

Involved in external expression of emotion (smiling, running away, frowning), it is a means of communication with others so they can see how we are feeling.

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8
Q

What does it mean when I say that autonomic and muscular activation are adaptive?

A

They prepare the body for emergencies and help it carry out an appropriate response

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9
Q

What are the names of the two theories of emotion?

A

The James Lang theory and the cognitive theory

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10
Q

What is the James Lang theory?

A

Theory of emotion that stipulates that emotional experience comes from the physiological arousal that precedes it (I cry therefore I am sad).

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11
Q

According to James Lang theory, when I get a bad mark on a test, what causes me to feel sad?

A

Once you start crying or feel some physiological arousal, THEN you feel sad.

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12
Q

What is the cognitive theory of emotion?

A

This is the belief that identity of an emotion is based on cognitive assessment of a situation. A stimulus happens, then you appraise the situation through thinking, which then produces emotion and arousal contributes only to the emotions intensity.

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13
Q

Is James Lang theory or cognitive theory correct?

A

Both and neither, need a theory that combines the two, but there are also other factors

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14
Q

Can induced facial expressions influence the interpretation of external stimuli?

A

YES, if we smile it is more likely to make us feel happy

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15
Q

What are mirror neurons?

A

Neurons that fire both when we engage in a specific activity and when we see others engage in that activity as well.
These occur across species, they are physical and cognitively driven

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16
Q

If you lack empathy, do you have more or less active mirror neurons?

A

LESS and a narcissist may have none

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17
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

Network of structures (includes all of the forebrain) that are arranged around the upper brain stem and it is central to emotion, motivation, learning, and memory

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18
Q

How to we study emotion? (3 ways, each progressively more modern)

A

Mainly through lesioning and stimulation studies in animals (but we cannot know what exactly the animal is experiencing), humans with electrodes for other kinds of treatments, and brain imaging

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19
Q

What 5 brain structures are involved in emotional regulation/stimulation?

A

Hypothalamus, insular cortex, basal ganglia, amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex

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20
Q

What does the hypothalamus do in regards to emotion?

A

It is the primary control over the autonomic nervous system, and produces general autonomic activation, when stimulated it is accompanied by fear and rage, or pleasure, depending on the location of the electrode

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21
Q

What is the role of the amygdala?

A

It is a small limbic system structure near the lateral ventricle of temporal lobes, and is associated with fear and anxiety.

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22
Q

What happens if you have the short SLC6A4 allele in the amygdala?

A

You have reduced serotonin, therefore you have less inhibition of fear and anxiety, this means the amygdala becomes hyperreactive and it takes less stimuli to activate it to produce fear and anxiety
(prone to phobias, and being scared of small things.

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23
Q

What happens to patients with bilateral amygdala damage?

A

They do not experience traditional fear responses to external stimuli, are not scared of anything in the environment. They still experience internal fears such as worry, stress and panic attacks. Must be in supervised care because they are prone to hurting themselves

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24
Q

What emotion is the insular cortex and the basal ganglia involved in?

A

DISGUST

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25
Q

What is the role of the insular cortex in disgust?

A

It is the cortical projection site for taste

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26
Q

What is the role of the basal ganglia in disgust?

A

It is involved in motor functions, therefore it recognized disgusted faces of others and makes disgusted faces

27
Q

What is the role of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)?

A

It is best known for its roles in attention, decision making, and impulse control. It combines emotional, attentional and bodily experiences, and it linked to stronger emotions (happy, sad, angry)

28
Q

What is stress?

A

A condition in environment that makes unusual demands on an organism (threat, failure, bereavement/grief). It is necessary in small doses, but chronic stress is very harmful

29
Q

What structures are involved in the short term stress response?

A

Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal medulla.

30
Q

When stress occurs, what hormone does the hypothalamus release and where does it go to?

A

The hypothalamus releases corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) which travels to the pituitary gland?

31
Q

What does CRH do in the pituitary gland? What happens after?

A

It stimulates the synthesis and release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) which then travels to the adrenal cortex, where it binds

32
Q

What does ACTH do once if binds to the adrenal medulla?

A

It causes the release of cortisol, epinephrine as well as norepinephrine, which then travel to target organs.

33
Q

What does epinephrine and norepinephrine do?

A

They increase cardiac output as well as liberating glucose from the muscles for additional energy (increase HR, BP, sympathetic NS)

34
Q

What does cortisol do?

A

It increases metabolism, glucose availability and blood supply to the skeletal muscles

35
Q

What are leukocytes? What are the three types?

A

Leukocytes are white blood cells that recognize invaders by the unique proteins on their surface (antigens) and kills them. The three types are macrophages, T cells and B cell

36
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

They engulf the invading pathogen and then displays their foreign antigens

37
Q

What do T cells do?

A

They are attracted by different antigens, specific T cells respond to specific antigens, there are many different types

38
Q

What do B cells do? How to vaccines work on them?

A

These produce antibodies that attack a particular cell type. Vaccines stimulate B cells to make a specific type of antibody to target a specific infection/pathogen`

39
Q

What are natural killer cells? Are they more or less specific than T and B cells?

A

These cells attack and destroy certain types of cancer cells and cells infected with viruses. They are less specific than T and B cells

40
Q

What structure protects the CNS from most infectious agents? What type of immune cell is present in the CNS?

A

The blood brain barrier, and microglia are in the CNS and they act like macrophages for the brain and spinal cord.

41
Q

What type of negative side effects does prolonged stress have? (7)

A

Changes in mood, energy, memory, appetite, sexual desire and performance, compromised immune system and worse concentration.

42
Q

What is sudden cardiac death?

A

Excessive sympathetic activity with stress send the heart into fibrillation, therefore it contracts so rapidly that it pumps little or no blood to the brain and lungs. It is high stress combined with a single traumatic event

43
Q

Chronic stress can cause a (overactive or underactive) amygdala, and an (overactive or underactive) PFC and what are the effects?

A

It causes an overactive amygdala therefore increasing fear and anxiety, and an underactive PFC therefore you cannot suppress negative emotions

44
Q

What are the effects of having increased dendritic connections in the amygdala due to chronic stress?

A

You need less stimulus to activate it therefore more stress, anxiety and fear

45
Q

What effect on brain structure does chronically increased cortisol have?

A

Causes hippocampal damage and therefore causes impaired memory

46
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: connections have been found between personality traits and vulnerability for protection against disease.

A

TRUE

47
Q

What has a Type D “distressed” personality been linked to? What about introverted HIV patients?

A

Increased risk of cardiovascular disease, and then the HIV patients have up to eight times higher viral load

48
Q

How does having a strong support network affect a person?

A

They will live longer and be healthier

49
Q

Does intentionally inflicted or accidentally inflicted pain hurt more? Why?

A

Intentionally inflicted pain hurt more, because there is a perceived personal aspect to it.

50
Q

What is congenital insensitivity to pain?

A

Rare genetic disorder of the PNS in which people are unable to sense pain. NO NOCICEPTORS and this is about sensation not perception, these people are prone to injury

51
Q

What is the primary projection area for pain?

A

The somatosensory cortex, pain is processed here.

52
Q

What other brain areas besides the somatosensory cortex, are activated in response to pain?

A

Anterior cingulate cortex, which connects to the limbic system therefore explaining why pain is so closely related to emotion.

53
Q

What part of the brain does prolonged pain recruit? What is the effect?

A

It recruits the prefrontal cortex, and enables evaluation of pain and then the responses to the painful situation is planned.

54
Q

What is aggression?

A

Forceful or assertive behaviour that is intended to harm to control another

55
Q

What are the two types of aggression seen in animals?

A

Predatory aggression which is premediated, unprovoked aggression when an animal hunts/kills another animal, and the other type is affective aggression which is characterized by impulsiveness and emotional arousal, often response to other people

56
Q

What are the two types of aggression in humans?

A

Proactive aggression is unprovoked and emotionless aggression, usually intended to bring some gain for the aggressor. Reactive aggression is emotionally drive, it is response to a real or imagined threat

57
Q

What are the brain areas involved in aggression and what do they do?

A

The amygdala (detects and responds to threats), the prefrontal cortex (moderates aggression, planning), the hypothalamus (instigator of aggressive behavior) and the insula/anterior cingulate when emotion is involved

58
Q

How do we think testosterone plays a role in aggression?

A

Has global effects on brain and behaviour, reduces functional connectivity between the orbitofrontal cortex and the amygdala (poor emotional regulation, but the relationship is highly variable

59
Q

How do we think serotonin plays a role in aggression?

A

Serotonin is inhibitory to aggression, therefore low serotonin leads to high impulsive aggression as not enough serotonin to inhibit it. When gives drugs to increase 5HT it decreases aggression

60
Q

How does low serotonin affect the PFC and the amygdala?

A

Decreases activity in both areas therefore causing over reactivity to stress

61
Q

What role do we think cortisol plays in aggression?

A

Same as serotonin, it is inhibitory to aggression, therefore low cortisol would correlate with high aggression

62
Q

What is MAOA? Why is it controversial?

A

MAOA is a gene that encodes for MAO which degrades serotonin, dopamine, and NE. If is controversial because logically, higher MAOA should correlate with higher aggression, when in fact the opposite has been shown in studies

63
Q

What percent of aggression can be attributed to genes and what percent to environment?

A

50% each

PSYCH 275 (9 decks)

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