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biology Unit 3&4 > Chapter 8 Gene expression > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Gene expression Flashcards

1
Q

Genome

A

All the genetic material in the chromosomes of an organism, including its gene and DNA sequences

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2
Q

Proteins

A

Chain of amino acids [polypeptide]

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3
Q

RNA
The 3 main types of RNA

A
  1. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
  2. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
  3. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
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4
Q

Function of mRNA

A

Carries DNA sequence information to ribosomes

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5
Q

Function of tRNA

A

-provides linkage between mRNA and amino acids

-transfers amino acids to ribosomes

-carries a specific amino acid on one end and has an anticodon on the other end.

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6
Q

Function of rRNA

A

Structural component of ribosomes

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7
Q

Direction of transcription

A

works in one direction

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8
Q

epigenetic influences on humans

A

Factors such as diet, seasonal changes, financial status, psychological state, social interactions and disease exposure
-Our environment complements and shapes human health

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9
Q

Pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA)

A

A single strand of nucleotides complementary to the DNA template strand

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10
Q

Non-coding DNA
centromere

A

used for separation during meiosis

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11
Q

Non-coding DNA
Regulatory elements

A

Activate or repress transcription

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12
Q

Non-coding DNA
Telomeres

A

Repeated DNA sequences at ends of chromosomes

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13
Q

Homeotic genes

A

Encode for proteins that bind to specific sequences of DNA on certain genes
-influence the organism’s embryonic development
-Specific sequences of DNA on homeotic genes are called homeoboxes

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14
Q

Hox genes

A

subset of homeotic genes that act as transcription factors to control morphology, particularly segmentation of the body plan

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15
Q

Protein synthesis

A

-makes proteins
-the cells genome directs the production of these proteins

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16
Q

transcription

A

formation of an mRNA molecule against the template strand of DNA by complementary nucleotide base pairing

17
Q

translation

A

-in cytoplasm
-joins amino acids in a specific order
-mature mRNA moves into the cytoplasm and attaches to a ribosome
-Ribosome moves along until it comes to an AUG start codon, which signals the ribosome to start translation

18
Q

introns

A

A section of pre-mRNA that does not code for a polypeptide

19
Q

Exons

A

A section of mRNA that codes for a polypeptide

20
Q

Coding DNA

A

-Also known as a gene
-Part of DNA used as a template for mRNA synthesis
therefore for polypeptide/protein synthesis

21
Q

Non-coding DNA

A

-DNA sequences within genome that are not found within mRNA coding exons

-introns
-DNA that codes for functional RNA
-centromere
-Regulatory elements
-Telomeres

22
Q

Gene expression

A

Process in which information encoded in genes directs the production of RNA molecules for protein synthesis

23
Q

Purpose of gene expression

A

-Cells “turn on” (being expressed) genes they need and “turn off” (not being expressed) genes they don’t need

turn on = express a gene = make a protein

24
Q

Gene regulation

A

-Process that enables a gene to be expressed (or not) in specific cells and times
-Allow proteins to be produced at required rates

25
Q

regulation of gene expression at translation

A

-When mRNA is prevented from being translated into a protein
1. Repressor proteins
2. microRNA (miRNA)

26
Q

Epigenetics

A

-Study of chemical modification to gene function that are not due to a change in the DNA sequences

26
Q

Polypeptide

A

Amino acids linked by peptide bonds

27
Q

Homeobox gene

A

A gene of a group that code for proteins that regulate body formation and patterning in the developing embryo

28
Q

Morphology

A

Shape and form of an organism or its part

29
Q

Sex determining region Y (SRY) gene

A

Necessary for male sex determination in mammals

biology Unit 3&4 (14 decks)

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