Chapter 9

Question 1

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Answer 1

efferent division, communication link by which CNS controls activities of muscles, organs and glands

Question 2

2 divisions of PNS

Answer 2

somatic and autonomic nervous system

Question 3

somatic nervous system

Answer 3

voluntary, innervates skeletal muscle

Question 4

autonomic nervous system

Answer 4

involuntary, innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, exocrine/endocrine glands, and adipose tissue/viscera

Question 5

ANS divided into..

Answer 5

sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

Question 6

sympathetic (SNS)

Answer 6

fight or flight increase, >100 bpm

Question 7

parasympathetic (PNS)

Answer 7

rest and digest

Question 8

characteristics of the ANS

Answer 8

• many organs have dual innervation
• effect antagonistic in many organs (not always)
• 2 neuron chain

Question 9

sympathetic nervous system characteristics

Answer 9

• thoracolumbar division
• pathway: short pre-ganglionic neuron -> sympathetic chain -> long post-ganglionic neuron to effector
• fight or flight response

Question 10

sympathetic nervous system neurotransmitters

Answer 10

• short pre-ganglionic neurons release Ach, binds to Ach receptors on post-ganglionic neurons
• post-ganglionic neurons release NE, binds to NE receptors on effectors

Question 11

sympathetic chain associated with SNS

Answer 11

• pre ganglionic axons enter sympathetic chain of ganglia just lateral to spinal cord
• usually synapse with post ganglionic motor neurons in the chain

Question 12

adrenal medulla (ANS)

Answer 12

modified part of sympathetic nervous system
- stimulation of pre ganglionic fiber prompts secretion of hormones into blood
* norepinephrine: 20% of hormone release
* epinephrine: 80% of hormone release

Question 13

parasympathetic nervous system characteristics

Answer 13

• craniosacral division
• long pre-ganglionic neurons, short post-ganglionic neurons
• rest and digest

Question 14

parasympathetic nervous system neurontransmitters

Answer 14

• pre ganglionic neurons release Ach, binds to nicotinic receptors on post ganglionic neurons
• post ganglionic releases Ach, binds to muscarinic receptors on effectors

Question 15

blocking ANS

Answer 15

Ach inhibitor

Question 16

blocking SNS

Answer 16

adrenergic blocker

Question 17

parasympathetic neurotransmitters are classified as..

Answer 17

cholinergic

Question 18

cholinergic receptors

Answer 18

release acetylcholine from pre ganglionic neurons and from parasympathetic post ganglionic neurons

Question 19

nicotinic receptors

Answer 19

found on post ganglionic cell bodies of all autonomic ganglia

Question 20

muscarinic receptors

Answer 20

found on effector cell membranes

Question 21

adrenergic receptors

Answer 21

release norepinephrine NE and epinephrine
from post ganglionic sympathetic neurons only

Question 22

functions of the ANS

Answer 22

• sympathetic: stress/emergencies, tonic activity
• parasympathetic: homeostasis

Question 23

most visceral organs innervated by..

Answer 23

both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers
in general produce opposite effects in a particular organ

Question 24

why dual innervation?

Answer 24

heart/lungs stimulated by both, blood vessels are not

Question 25

cooperative effects

Answer 25

saliva and urination

Question 26

organs innervated by sympathetic only

Answer 26

• adrenal medulla
• arrector pili muscles on skin
• sweat glands
• most blood vessels
  important for body temperature regulation through blood vessels and sweat glands

Question 27

if wanting to inhibit parasympathetic nervous system, but not sympathetic nervous system, you would use..

Answer 27

• nicotinic receptor antagonist: inhibit SNS
• muscarinic receptor antagonist: inhibits PNS

Question 28

albuterol

Answer 28

asthma, beta 2 agonist

Question 29

atropine

Answer 29

blocks muscarinic receptors, block PNS, dilate pupils

Question 30

beta blockers

Answer 30

blocks beta adrenergic receptors

Question 31

medulla oblongata controls many functions of ANS including..

Answer 31

cardiovascular, pulmonary, digestive

Question 32

control of medulla oblongata

Answer 32

hypothalamus, limbic, and cerebellum