Chapter 9 Flashcards
Pervasive drive to maintain lasting, positive, & interpersonal relationships with others
Need to belong
desire to establish & maintain many rewarding interpersonal relationships
Need for Affiliation
How does stress or stressors influence need for affiliation?
Stress can arouse the need for affiliation
- May want company
- May want to be alone
What does the study Rofé (1984) demonstrate?
What are the findings of this study?
demonstrates effects of stress on need for affiliation
Study found that we will seek others when we perceive their company as being useful in addressing the stressors
Feeling of deprivation about existing social relations
Loneliness
What are the three types of loneliness?
- Intimate loneliness
- Relational loneliness
- Collective loneliness
Forces or aspect that motivate us to approach and engage (interact) with others
Attraction
Finkel et al., 2012: Why online is popular?
- Exposure to large number of potential partners
- Directs means of communication
- “Algorithms” bring users together with similar interests
What are the two different perspectives about attraction?
- People are attracted to those with whom they can have a rewarding relationship
- Evolutionary driven to attract and select mates based on factors like viability of offspring
How does rewarding relationship perspective influence attraction between people?
- Direct Rewards (attention, support, money)
- Indirect Rewards (Boost self-esteem, status, desirability)
How does evolutionary perspective influence attraction between people?
Based on conception & viability of offspring
Research suggesting gender differences in what “ideal” mate is
For women an hourglass shape is desirable
For men a V shape is desirable
The single best predictor of whether two people will get together is based on nearness
Proximity Effect
The more often people are exposed to a stimulus, the more positively they evaluate that stimulus
Mere Exposure Effect
What study demonstrates the proximity effect and how?
Back et al. (2008)
What study demonstrates mere exposure effect?
- Moreland & Scott (1992)
- Reis & Colleagues (2011)
Proximity Effect Study Method & Findings
Back et al. (2008)
Found that friendships can form just based off of mere coincidences like randomly assigning seats in a classroom
Mere Exposure Effect Study Method & Findings
Moreland & Scott (1992)
Method:
1. Selected four women who liked typical students (confederates)
2. One had picture taken; others attended class either 5, 10, 15x during semester
3. Questionnaires administered to students who rated various traits regarding these women (popularity, intelligence, honesty, & physical attractiveness)
Results:
More times a woman was in class, the higher the ratings obtained
Reis & Colleagues (2011)
Method:
1. 110 same-sex pairs of college students communicated via anonymous screen names
2. Ratings on how much the like their partner & would like to remain in contact
Results:
More interactions between them (chats), the higher the ratings and more willingness to stay in contact and even learn each other’s identities
this influences various types of decisions including willingness to sign petitions, ratings of intelligence, criminal sentencing, & salaries
Physical Attraction
Perceived physical attractiveness of group > average attractiveness of it’s individual members
Group attractiveness effect
attraction based on commonality among different groups of people, certain faces are inherently more attractive, and is easier to predict
Examples include?
Objective bias
- Face symmetry
- Babies preferring faces considered attractive by adults
- Smooth skin, pleasant expression, youthfulness
Evidence in support of objective bias
- Children, adults, men, women, people from similar or different cultures asked to rate unfamiliar faces have high level of agreement
- Certain physical characteristics are reliable associated with attractiveness
- Babies prefer faces considered attractive by adults
attraction based on the eye of the beholder, driven by cultural norms, and more difficult to predict
examples include?
subjective bias
- Beauty varies across different cultures
- Beauty standards change over time
- Men conditioned to be more attracted to red
Evidence in support of subjective bias
- Enhancements of beauty vary in different ways across different cultures
- Ideal body composition for females varies across different locations
- Standard in beauty change over time
- Situation factors can influence our judgments of beauty
Belief that physically attractive individuals also possess desirable personality characteristics
What-is-beautiful-is-good stereotype