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A&P > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

3 types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

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2
Q

Epimysium

A

connective tissue outside the muscle

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3
Q

Perimysium

A

around the muscle fascicles

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4
Q

Endomysium

A

inside the muscle surround the individual muscle

fibers

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5
Q

4 special characteristics of muscle tissues

A

Excitability, Contractility, Extensibility, Elasticity

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6
Q

Excitability

A

ability to receive and respond to stimuli

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7
Q

Contractility

A

ability to shorten forcibly

when stimulated

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8
Q

Extensibility

A

ability to be stretched

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9
Q

Elasticity

A

ability to recoil to resting length

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10
Q

4 main functions of muscle

A

movement, maintain posture, stabilizing joints,

producing heat

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11
Q

Each muscle has

A

one artery, one nerve, and one or more veins

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12
Q

Tendon

A

Connective tissue rapping that connects muscle to

bone

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13
Q

Aponeurosis

A

connective tissue flat sheet-like which connects muscle

to bone

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14
Q

Muscle fiber

A

an elongated multinucleate cell

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15
Q

Myofibril

A

complex organelle composed of bundles of myofilaments, composed of sacromeres arranged end to end

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16
Q

Sarcomere

A

Segment of a myofibril, is the contractile unit, composed of myofilaments made up of contractile proteins

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17
Q

Myofilament

A

is contractile protein, two types thick and thin

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18
Q

Thick filament

A

Bundled myosin molecules

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19
Q

Thin filament

A

is composed of actin

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20
Q

Sarcolemma

A

plasma membrane

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21
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm of muscle cells, glycosomes, myoglobin

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22
Q

Glycosomes

A

store glycogen in the muscle cells

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23
Q

myoglobin

A

O2 storage in the muscle cell

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24
Q

H zone

A

lighter region in midsection of dark A

band where filaments do not overlap

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25
Q

Z disc (line)

A

coin-shaped sheet of proteins on
midline of light I band that anchors thin filaments
and connects myofibrils to one another

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26
Q

Sarcomere

A

region between two successive Z

discs

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27
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Regulate availability of Ca2+

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28
Q

Sliding filament model of muscle contraction

A

Thin filaments slide past the thick filaments Overlap between the myofilaments increases and the
sarcomere shortens.

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29
Q

Neuromuscular junction (NMJ)

A

connection between axon of a neuron and a muscle fiber

leads to electrical stimulation of the muscle cell

30
Q

Axon terminal and muscle fiber are separated by the?

A

synaptic cleft.
2. A motor neuron stimulates a skeletal muscle fiber when
nerve impulse causes release of acetylcholine (ACh) and
binds to ACh receptors
3. Acetylcholinesterase, breaks downACh

31
Q

T tubules

A

infoldings of the sarcolemma

conduct electrical impulses into the cell;

32
Q

Axon terminal

A

Its end of the axion where the action potential can

travel

33
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

A motor neuron that stimulates a skeletal muscle fiber
when nerve impulse causes release of acetycholine
and binds to ACh receptors

34
Q

Motor end plate

A

Once the motor end plate is triggered the action

potential can move along the sacrolemma

35
Q

Neuromuscular junction step 1

A

Action potential arrive at the axion terminal of the

motor neuron

36
Q

Neuromuscular junction step 2

A

Voltage gated calcium channels open and calcium

enters the axion terminal moving down its electrochemical gradient

37
Q

Neuromuscular junction step 3

A

Calcium entry causes ACh a neurotransmitter to be released by exocytosis

38
Q

Neuromuscular junction step 4

A

ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to its receptors on the sacrolemma

39
Q

Neuromuscular junction step 5

A

ACh binding opens ion channels in the receptors that allow simulatneous passage of NA+ into the muscle fibers more NA+ ions enter the K+ inons exit

40
Q

Neuromuscular junction step 6

A

ACh effects are terminated by the synaptic cleft acetylcholinesterase and diffusion away from the junction

41
Q

Generation of an Action Potential Across Sarcolemma step 1

A

ACh binds ACh receptors at the NMJ

42
Q

Generation of an action potential across sacrolemma

step 2

A

Chemically gated ion channels open: membrane

depolarizes

43
Q

Generation of an action potential across sacrolemma

Step 3

A

End plate potential triggers action potential, propagates along sarcolemma by causing the opening of voltage gated
Na+ channels.

44
Q

Generation of an action potential across sacrolemma

Step 4

A

Repolarization - voltage gated Na+ channels close, voltage gated K+ channels open a. refractory period – excitation not possible

45
Q

Excitation-contraction coupling

A

Transmission of action potential stimulates release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to cytosol.

46
Q

Cross bridge cycling

A

When action and myosin bind together

47
Q

Muscle Fiber Contraction: Cross-Bridge Cycling

step 1

A

Ca2+ binds to troponin complex, which results in troponmyosin sliding away from the binding sites
for myosin on the actin filaments

48
Q

Muscle fiber contraction: cross-bridge cycling

step 2

A

Energized myosin heads bind to actin and perform a power stroke, causing actin to slide over myosin.

49
Q

Wave summation and motor unit recruitment

A

allow smooth, graded skeletal muscle contractions

50
Q

Motor unit

A

is one motor neuron and all the muscle fibers in innervates

51
Q

Muscle twitch

A

the muscle response to a single action potential

52
Q

Wave summation

A

Wave summation- impulses reach the muscle in rapid succession

53
Q

Tetanus

A

Sustained contraction

54
Q

recruitment

A

Multiple motor unit summation

55
Q

Threshold stimulus vs maximal stimulus

A

Affects number of excited motor units

56
Q

Isotonic

A

uniform tension in a muscle; movement occurs at

the joint and a change of length of muscles

57
Q

Isometric

A

increases in muscle tension, no lengthening or shortening of the muscle occurs

58
Q

ATP for muscle contraction is produced aerobically or

anaerobically step 1

A

phosphorylation by creatine phosphate, anaerobic

a. few seconds more energy

59
Q

ATP for muscle contraction is produced aerobically or

anaerobically step 2

A

anaerobic respiration using glycolytic pathway

a. 30-40 more seconds

60
Q

ATP for muscle contraction is produced aerobically or

anaerobically step 3

A

aerobic pathway using mitochondria

a. hours of energy

61
Q

Smooth muscle

A

nonstriated involuntary muscle

62
Q

Microscopic Structure

A

Smooth muscle cells are small, spindle-shaped cells with one central nucleus

63
Q

Developmental Aspects of Muscles

A

Nearly all muscle tissue develops from specialized mesodermal cells called myoblasts

64
Q

Muscle fatigue

A

physiological inability to contract; results

from ionic imbalances

65
Q

Velocity and Duration of Contraction types

A

Slow oxidative fibers, fast glycolytic fibers, fast oxidative fibers

66
Q

Slow oxidative fibers

A

contract slowly, rely mostly on aerobic

respiration, highly fatigue resistant.

67
Q

fast glycolytic fibers

A

contract rapidly, use anaerobic
respiration, depend heavily on glycogen,
fatigue quickly

68
Q

fast oxidative fibers

A

less common, intermediate type of fiber

that provide rapid contraction

69
Q

Skeletal muscle response to exercise

step 1

A

Aerobic exercise - increase in capillary penetration, mitochondria, myoglobin = higher efficiency and
endurance

70
Q

Skeletal muscle response to exercise

step 2

A

Resistance exercise – e.g. weight lifting or isometric
exercise = more mitochondria, myofilaments and
myofibrils, hypertrophied cells

A&P (9 decks)

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