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Microbiology > Chapter 9: Principles of Infectious Disease and Epidemiology > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Principles of Infectious Disease and Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

Sporadic Cases

A

isloated infections in a particular population

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2
Q

Endemic Infections

A

rountinely detected in a population or region (cold virus)

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3
Q

Epidemic

A

widespread diasese outbreak in a particular region during a specific time frame

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4
Q

Pandemic

A

occurs if an epidemic spreads to numerous countries

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5
Q

Emerging Pathogen

A

include newly identified agents as well as pathogens that previously caused only sporadic cases (SARS-CoV-2) or exhibit an expanded geograhical districubtion (ziki virus)

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6
Q

Reemerging Pathogen

A

an infectious agent that was undercontrol but is now resurfacing

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7
Q

Noncommunicable diseases

A

do not spread from person to person

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8
Q

Communicable Diseases

A

transmits from human to human

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9
Q

Contagious Diseases

A

easily transmitted from one host to the next

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10
Q

Symptomatic

A

during an active infection the patient exhibits signs and symptoms

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11
Q

Signs

A

objective indicators of disease that can be measured or verified; fever, rash, etc

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12
Q

Symptoms

A

sensed by the patient and are subjective rather than precisely mesaurable; pain fatigue and nausa etc

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13
Q

Acute Diseases

A

have a rapid onset and progression

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14
Q

Chronic Diseases

A

have a slower onset and progression

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15
Q

Kochs Postulates

A

same organism must be present in ever case of the disease; the organism must be isolated from the diseased host and grown as a pure culture; isolated organism should cause disease in question when inoculated in a susceptible host; organism must then be reisolated from the inoculated diseased animal

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16
Q

Limitations of Kochs Postulates

A

do not apply to noninfectious disease; certain infectious disease cannot be isolated; some microbes become attenuated in pure cultures; some microbes do nt infect nonhuman hosts; not easily applied to infectious agents that primarily cause latent disease

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17
Q

Reservoirs

A

are an animate or inanimate habitat where the pathogen is naturally found

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18
Q

Sources

A

disseminate infectious agent from the reservoir to new hosts

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19
Q

Endogenous Source

A

means the pathogen came from the hosts own body; like bacteria on skin entering a surgical incision or yeast in vagina proliferting when antibiotics kill off normal bacteria

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20
Q

Exogenous Source

A

means the pathogen is external to the host; contaminated food, zoonotic disease, transmitting between humans

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21
Q

Mode of Transmission

A

how the pathogen spreads to a host; generally classed as direct contact and indirect contact

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22
Q

Direct Contact

A

host comes into physical contact with the source of the pathogen; such as a bite, touching, kissing, going in a pond

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23
Q

Vertical Transmission

A

specialized form of diret contact; occurs when pathogen passes from mother to offspring during pregnancy (in utero), delivery (transcervical) or breatfeeding (post partum)

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24
Q

Indirect Contact

A

pathogen spreads without direct physical contact with the source; three main categories- airborne transmission, vehicle transmission, and vector transmission

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25
Q

Airborne Transmission

A

pathogen enters through respiratory route; usually occurs by inhaling pathogen-laden respiratory droplets

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26
Q

Vehicle Transmission

A

pathogen is found on contaminted fomite (doorknowbs, needles, sheets, food)

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27
Q

Vector Transmission

A

transmission by vectors (arthropods)

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28
Q

Biological Vector

A

vector organism has a role in the pathogens life cycle; ticks mosquitoes

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29
Q

Mechanical Vector

A

vector spreads disease without being integral to a pathogens life cycle; flies, rodents and cockroaches

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30
Q

Infectivity

A

describes how good an infectious agent is at establising an infection

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31
Q

Pathogenicity

A

is the general ability of an infectious agent to cause disease

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32
Q

Virulence

A

describes severity of disease following infection

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33
Q

Five Basic Stages of Disease Progression

A

incubation period to prodromal phase to acute phase to period of decline to convalescent phase

34
Q

Incubation Perid

A

time between infection and the development of disease symptoms; could be hours or years depending on the disease

35
Q

Prodromal Phase

A

patient starts to feel run down and may have mild symptoms

36
Q

Acute Phase

A

patient experiences full blown classical symptoms of the disease; know as symptomatic case or clincal infection

37
Q

Period of Decline

A

pathogen replication decreases; patient begins to feel better; not all patients experience this pahse because some patients are killed by the pathogen; sometimes patients on antibiotics may prematuraly stop taking their medication and infection may come back

38
Q

Convalescent Period

A

elemination of pathogen from body; sometimes pathogen is harbored indefinietly; can go into dormancy; chronic carrier; asymptomatic carriers

39
Q

Epidemiology

A

study of what is upon the people; focuses on disease (infectious and noninfeectious) in populations; aims to understand and precent illness in communities

40
Q

Two Goals of Epidemiology

A

describe the nature, cause and extent of new or existing diseases in populations; intervene to protect and improve health in populations

41
Q

Public Education

A

central to breaking the epidemiological triangle; include vaccine campaigns, promotion of prenatal and breastfeeding, and eduation about sexually transmitted diseases; helps people understand their role in preventing development of drug resistant pathogens

42
Q

Quaratine

A

period of confinement away from general population; but for diseases with long incubation period quarantine may be impractical or inhumane; CDC can quarantine anyone entering/in US with cholera, diptheria, TB, plague, small pox, yellow fever, viral hemorrhagic fevers, SARS CoV 1 and 2, and certain influenza strains

43
Q

Vector Control

A

limiting the number of biological vectors helps prevent the spread of many dangerous infectious diseases; arboviruses, lyme disease, malaria

44
Q

Rate

A

used to meausre the occurence of an event over time

45
Q

Ratio

A

occurence of an event in one group as compared to another group

46
Q

Proportion

A

percentage of a whole

47
Q

Measures of Frequency

A

give information about the occurence of a disease in a population during a certain period of time

48
Q

Population

A

any defined group of people

49
Q

Morbidity

A

existence of a disease in a population

50
Q

Prevelance

A

morbidity in a given population during a specific time; impacted by incidence rate and duration

51
Q

Incidence Rate

A

number of new cases in a defined population during a defined time frame

52
Q

Duration

A

How long the infection lasts

53
Q

Measures of Association

A

tell us what factors may be linked with cases of the disease and subsequently who might be at risk; allows public health officials to warn people about how to avoid certian infections; allows healthcare providers to arriave at the correct daignosis more quickly

54
Q

Crude Mortality Rate

A

general death rate in a population, not determined based on specific casues of death

55
Q

Cause- Specific Mortality Rate

A

deaths due to a specific cause, in a given population, during a specified period

56
Q

Infant Mortality Rate

A

death rate of children under age 1, as compared to number of live births

57
Q

Maternal Mortality Rate

A

maternal deaths per 100,000 births, from any cause related to pregnancy or management of pregnancy

58
Q

Case Fatality Rate

A

percentage of people with a particular diagnosis who die in a specified time period after diagnosis

59
Q

Descriptive Epidemiology

A

help characterize health problems, identify at risk population and provide a map for allocating resources; characterizes health problems, identifies at risk populations, does NOT reveal the cause of disease, includes correlation studies, case reports and cross sectional studies

60
Q

Analytical Epidemiology

A

uncovers who is infected, where cases occur, and when cases occur; goal is to describe the occurence and distribution of disease; yields a testable hypothesis; analytical studies test the validity of the hypothesis

61
Q

Correlation Studies

A

ecological studies; search for associations between an exposire and the development of a disease; such as examining the associatino between fluoridated water and cavities

62
Q

Case Reports

A

individual or group records of a disease; connect between clinical medicine and epidemiology

63
Q

Cross Sectional Studies

A

evaluate exposure and the development of disease across a defined population at a single point in time; often use surveys to determine prevalence of a disease

64
Q

Analytical Studies

A

tend to be more challenging and expensive than descrptive studies; usually require more expensive lab equipment and /or long term patient data tracking; can include obserationla and expiremental studies

65
Q

Observational Studies

A

do NOT involve administering intervention, a treatment, or an exposure for a disease; watch and collect data on cases that exist, used to exist, or develop over time; develop study groups based on exposure (smokers v. nonsmokers); measure risk for developing a certain disease when certain risk factors are present

66
Q

Experimental Studies

A

allow the researcher to change variables and determine the effect of the change on the outcome; used to determine the effectiveness of a treatment of preventive meausre; expiremental studies control variables (blinding, randomization, placebos, etc); such as clinical trials

67
Q

Ignaz Semmelweis

A

worked at two materinity wards; one staffed by midwives and one staffed by physicians and studnets; different mortality rates; autopsies were performed by students/physicians and they did not wash up inbetween; so semmelweis started washing in between and discovered lower mortality rates

68
Q

Hospital Epidemiology

A

onvolves the surveillance, prevention, and control of helathcare-acquired infections; diseases that develop from a healthcare intervention

69
Q

Common HAIs

A

contaminated medical devices and healthcare workers hands are the most common sources; medical devices, hospital personnel; clostridiodes difficle GI infections; UTI; surgical wounds; MRSA bacteremia; intravascular device; pneumonia

70
Q

Basic Preventive Measures for HAIs

A

hand washing, consistent use of personal protective wear, environmental sanitization, equipment sterilization, limiting patient transport, single patient equipment use, patient isolation

71
Q

“Superbug”

A

HAIs drug resistent pathogens often orginiate in healthcare settings due to extensive antibiotic use

72
Q

National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System

A

NNDSS; network of local hospitals, laboratories and private helathcare providers; monitor and report certain diseases; states have laws requiring reports of certain diseases to a local health authority; the diseases on a state or local tracking list are reportable diseases

73
Q

After a reportable disease is diagnosed…

A

it is documented per state or local rules ; case reports trickle up the local and state reporting chain to the CDC; national statistics are compiled

74
Q

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report

A

MMWR; updates health officials and care providers on US health issues; provides summaries of health watches and a running report for selected notifiable diseases

75
Q

Emerging Diseases

A

new or newly identified infections in a population; such as Ebola, HIV, H1N1, Zika, Covid 19

76
Q

Factors Contributing to Increase of Emerging Diseases

A

population crowding, poverty, tropical climates, diverse wildlife, deforestation, urbanization

77
Q

Reemerging Diseases

A

were previously under control, but are now showing increased incidence; associated with pathogens that have evolved increased virulence (antibiotic resistance ex)

78
Q

Eradication

A

there are no longer any cases of it anywhere in the world; only been done once i 1977 with smallpoz; polio and guinea worm are close

79
Q

Tuskegee Symphilis Experiment

A

1932-1972; long term effects of syphilis in a group of poor african american men; study participants were never informated they had the disease; misled about the reasons for ongoing tests and the disease; researchers actively prevented participants form receiving penicllin

80
Q

Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act

A

GINA; cannot be denied helth insurance due to genetics; does NOT prevent denial of long term care insurance, life insuracne or disability

81
Q
A

Microbiology (9 decks)

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