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PSY260 > Chapter Nine > Flashcards

Chapter Nine Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of a phoneme

A

Basic unit of spoken language

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2
Q

The English language has ___ phonemes.

A

40

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3
Q

Definition of morpheme.

A

Basic unit of meaning.

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4
Q

Definition of morphology

A

The study of morphemes. Examines how we create words by combining morphemes.

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5
Q

Definition of syntax.

A

The grammatical roles that govern how we organize words into sentences.

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6
Q

Grammar examines both

A

Morphology and syntax/ word structure and sentence structure.

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7
Q

Definition of semantics

A

Examines the meanings of words and sentences.

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8
Q

Definition of semantic memory

A

Our organized knowledge about the world.

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9
Q

Definition of pragmatics

A

Our knowledge of the social rules that underlie language.

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10
Q

English is an outlier language for two reasons.

A

1) English has simple grammar

2) English has many more irregular pronunciations than other major world languages.

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11
Q

Chomsky puposed that there is more to…

A

A sentence than meets the eye.

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12
Q

Chomsky believed humans…

A

Had innate language skills.

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13
Q

Chomsky believed language is modular. Meaning…

A

People have a set of specific linguistic abilities that is separated from our other cognitive processes such as memory and decision making.

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14
Q

Definition of surface structure

A

Representation of words that are spoken or written.

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15
Q

Definition of deep structure

A

The underlying, more abstract meaning of a sentence.

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16
Q

Definition of transformational roles.

A

Converting deep structure into a surface structure they can speak or write.

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17
Q

Definition of ambiguous sentences.

A

Two sentences that may have identical surface structures but very different deep structures.

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18
Q

1970 psychologists started to focus on……. instead of the…..

A

The human mind and semantics/ structure of language.

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19
Q

Definition of the cognitive-functional approach.

A

The function of human language in everyday life is to communicate meaning to other individuals.

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20
Q

Michael Tomasello pointed out…

A

Children have extremely powerful cognitive skills and social learning skills.

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21
Q

People have difficulty in understanding sentences in four conditions…

A

1) If they have negatives such as “not”
2) If they are passive instead of active
3) If they have complex syntax
4) If they are ambiguous.

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22
Q

Clark and Chase found that…

A

People make fewer errors with affirmative sentences rather than negative sentences. (Star study)

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23
Q

Ferreira found that…

A

People are highly accurate in accurately responding to active voice but accuracy dropped when passive voice was used.

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24
Q

Method of measuring the difficulty of understanding an ambiguous sentence.

A

Time eyes focused on one word before moving onto the other.

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25
Q

When ambiguous word is encountered people are likely to choose a word that…

A

1) has a more common meaning than the alternative meaning

2) The rest of the sentence is consistent with that meaning

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26
Q

Ferreira suggests that we process language…

A

By using the “good-enough”approach.

27
Q

Definition of the good enough approach.

A

We frequently only process a part of a sentence.

28
Q

Definition of heuristic.

A

A general rule that is typically accurate.

29
Q

Definition of neurolingistics

A

The discipline that examines how the brain processes language.

30
Q

Definition of aphasia.

A

A person that has difficulty communicating which is caused by damage to the speech areas of the brain.

31
Q

What happens when Broca’s area is damaged.

A

Speach becomes hesitant and person begins to use isolated words and short phrases.

32
Q

Definition of Broca’s aphasia.

A

An expressive-language deficit or trouble pronouncing language.

33
Q

Two areas of the brain that process language.

A

1) Broca’s area

2) Wernicke’s area

34
Q

Damage to Wenicke’s area causes…

A

Serious difficulties in understanding language.

35
Q

People with speech disorders tend to have _____ hemisphere damage.

A

Left

36
Q

Definition of lateralization

A

Each hemisphere of the brain has somewhat different functions.

37
Q

Left hemisphere of the brain is active during…

A

Speech perception.

38
Q

Right hemisphere is active during…

A

When you are paying attention to the emotional meaning of a message.

39
Q

fMRI is a technique

A

That looks at oxygen rich blood as an index of brain productivity in a particular region.

40
Q

A ____ is superior to ___ because it can detect changes quicker and is safer.

A

fMRI; PET

41
Q

fMRIs are more suitable for language comprehension than language production because

A

fMRIs can be inaccurate if participant moves at all.

42
Q

It is difficult to identify what areas are responsible for a variety of language tasks Nacy Kanwisher attributes this to…

A

That people’s brains are anatomically different.

43
Q

Gernsbacher and Robertson showed that senteces that use ___ instead of ___ are seen as more cohesive.

A

“the” “a”

44
Q

The mirror system was originally found by

A

Giacomo Rizzolatti

45
Q

Beatriz Calvo-Merino studied mirror neurons in

A

Ballerinas while watching ballet

46
Q

Ballerinas had higher mirror neuron activation when they viewed ___ rather than ____

A

Ballet: martial arts

47
Q

Definition of dual-route approach to reading

A

Skilled readers that employ both direct access route and an indirect access route

48
Q

Definition of direct access route

A

Reading something and recognizing it immediately through vision not sounding out the word.

49
Q

Definition of indirect access route

A

When you see a word you immediately sound it out before looking at the meaning of the word.

50
Q

Bradshaw and Nettleton found that when a participant saw words of similar spelling but different in sound

A

There was no hesitation in pronouncing the second word.

51
Q

Luo found that students made errors with words that

A

Looked like they were semantically paired.

52
Q

Children that are able to identify sound patterns in a word do better on

A

Reading achievement tests.

53
Q

Definition of whole word approach

A

Readers can directly connect with the written word-as an entire unit- with the meaning that this word represents.

54
Q

Definition of phonics approach

A

Readers recognize words by trying to pronounce the individual letters in a word.

55
Q

Definition of whole language approach

A

Reading instruction should emphasize meaning and it should be enjoyable, to increase children’s enthusiasm about learning to read.

56
Q

Preschool children become more socially aware when…

A

Their parents read to them

57
Q

Raymond Mar found that children whose parents read to them are

A

More aware of other’s thoughts and feelings

58
Q

Definition of discourse

A

Interrelated units of language that are larger than a sentence.

59
Q

Definition of theory of the mind

A

Trying to figure out the mental state of other people in our lives

60
Q

Definition of constructionist view of inferences

A

Readers usually draw inferences about the causes of events and the relationships between events.

61
Q

Why is the constructionist view called the constructionist view?

A

Because readers construct cohesive explanations when they integrate the current info with all relevant info from the text

62
Q

Huitema found that the near condition read the consistent version faster than the

A

The far condition

63
Q

Jerrell Cassady thinks that test anxiety also decreases students skills in

A

Understanding textbook information

64
Q

Definition of latent semantic analysis

A

A program that can perform many fairly sophisticated language tasks.

PSY260 (2 decks)

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