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Neuroscience > Chapter One > Flashcards

Chapter One Flashcards

1
Q

What is neuroscience?

A

“…a relatively new science concerned with the development, chemistry, structure, function, and pathology of the nervous system.”

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2
Q

What are the three brains?

A

Reptilian brain, limbic system, neocortex

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3
Q

What is the function of the reptilian brain?

A

(stem/cerebellum) It is responsible for day-to-day survival, controlling vital systems, autonomic control, gross movements

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4
Q

What is the function of the limbic system “brain”?

A

It is the emotional brain and reacts to threats for survival of species (4 F’s: fighting, fleeing, feeding, f…reproducing)

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5
Q

What is the function of the neocortex “brain”?

A

(“stocking cap”) It is responsible for higher level thinking/reasoning, fine motor movements, socially appropriate behavior

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6
Q

In sensory-motor processing, what happens in the primary sensory cortex?

A

Simple sensory discrimination (intensity, quality)

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7
Q

In sensory-motor processing, what happens in the secondary sensory cortex?

A

Recognition of sensation

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8
Q

In sensory-motor processing, what happens in the association cortex?

A

Goal selection, planning, monitoring, interpretation of sensation, emotions, memory processing

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9
Q

In sensory-motor processing, what happens in the motor planning areas?

A

Movement composition, sequencing

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10
Q

In sensory-motor processing, what happens in the primary motor cortex?

A

Cortical motor output

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11
Q

What is rostral or caudal, and how do they differ from superior or inferior?

A

Rostral means “nose end” or “top” and caudal is toward the tail end. These terms are in reference to nervous system positioning, whereas superior and inferior are anatomical position.

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12
Q

What is ventral and dorsal?

A

Ventral is anterior and dorsal is posterior.

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13
Q

What is the sagittal plane?

A

It divides the brain into left and right.

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14
Q

What is the horizontal plane?

A

It divides the brain into top and bottom.

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15
Q

What is the coronal/frontal plane?

A

It divides the brain into back and front/dorsal and ventral.

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16
Q

What is white matter?

A

White matter means that fat/myelin is in the area and this myelin covers the axons that project out from cells.

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17
Q

What is a tract, lemniscus, fascicles, column, peduncle, capsule?

A

They are located in white matter and are all names for a bundle that is insulated.

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18
Q

What is gray matter?

A

Gray matter has cell bodies that aren’t myelinated or have no fat/insulation. This is the area where cells connect with each other.

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19
Q

What is a ganglion (gray matter)?

A

A ganglion is a cluster of cell bodies.

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20
Q

Where is the dorsal horn, lateral horn and ventral horn located?

A

Gray matter

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21
Q

Where is the dorsal column, lateral column and anterior column located?

A

White matter

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22
Q

Where are cells and axons of sensory function located?

A

Dorsal/back/posterior

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23
Q

Where are cells and axons of motor function located?

A

Ventral/front/anterior

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24
Q

In the peripheral nervous system, how do afferent axons conduct messages?

A

Afferent (sensory) axons conduct from the outside of the body in and up

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25
Q

In the peripheral nervous system, how do efferent axons conduct messages?

A

Efferent (motor) axons conduct down and out.

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26
Q

What spinal segments seem to “bulge”? Why?

A

Cervical and lumbosacral segments bulge because they have a lot of efferent axons.

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27
Q

At each spinal level, how many spinal “roots” are there?

A

2 roots that connect the spinal cord to the outside; dorsal root connecting to the front and has sensory function, ventral root connecting to the back and has motor function

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28
Q

What is the spinal nerve?

A

The spinal nerve is where all of the sensory, motor, and autonomic axons come together in one big bundle (distal to roots, proximal to rami)

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29
Q

What is the function of the dorsal ramus?

A

The dorsal ramus carries all of the sensory, motor and autonomic axons to the back of the body.

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30
Q

What is the function of the ventral ramus?

A

The ventral ramus carries all of the sensory, motor and autonomic axons to the front of the body.

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31
Q

What is the function of the communicating ramus?

A

The communicating ramus carries autonomic axons ONLY.

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32
Q

What are horns? (dorsal, lateral, ventral)

A

Horns are clusters of cell bodies in gray matter. There are 3 horns on each side of the spinal cord (dorsal-sensory, lateral-autonomic, ventral-motor)

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33
Q

What are columns? (dorsal, lateral, anterior)

A

Columns are insulated axons gathered in a group in white matter. There are 3 columns on each side of the spinal cord (dorsal-sensory, lateral-autonomic, anterior-motor); sensory in back and motor in front

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34
Q

What are the functions of the spinal cord?

A

The spinal cord transmits information (in columns) and processes information (in horns, where cells make connections with other cells)

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35
Q

What makes up the bottom of the brainstem and cerebellar region?

A

The medulla

36
Q

What are the four primary indicators of the medulla?

A

(most caudal piece) The medulla has 4 cranial nerves (9, 10, 11, 12), olive is off to the side of midline, pyramids (two long and parallel ridges that have myelinated bundles of axons, axons are motor function because they’re in front), pyramidal decussation (at the bottom of the medulla where most axons cross over to explain why the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body)

37
Q

What is CN 1?

A

Olfactory (smell)

38
Q

What is CN II?

A

Optic (vision)

39
Q

What is CN III?

A

Oculomotor (eye movement, pupil constriction)

40
Q

What is CN IV?

A

Trochlear (eye movement)

41
Q

What is CN V?

A

Trigeminal (somatosensory information from face and head, chewing muscles)

42
Q

What is CN VI?

A

Abducens (eye movement)

43
Q

What is CN VII?

A

Facial (taste for anterior 2/3 of tongue, somatosensory information from ear, controls facial expression muscles)

44
Q

What is the CN VIII?

A

Vestibulocochlear (hearing, balance)

45
Q

What is CN IX?

A

Glossopharyngeal (taste for posterior 1/3 of tongue, somatosensory information from tongue, tonsil, pharynx, controls some swallowing muscles)

46
Q

What is CN X?

A

Vagus (sensory, motor and autonomic functions of viscera–glands, digestion, heart rate)

47
Q

What is CN XI?

A

Spinal accessory (controls muscles used in head movement)

48
Q

What is CN XII?

A

Hypoglossal (controls muscles of tongue)

49
Q

What is the mnemonic for cranial nerves?

A

Old Opie Occasionally Tries Trigonometry And Feels Very Gloomy, Vague And Hypoactive.

50
Q

What is the mnemonic for cranial nerve function?

A

Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More

51
Q

What are two distinctive factors of the pons?

A

The pons has 4 cranial nerves (5-sticks out of “belly”, 6, 7, and 8-on the border between pons and medulla) and a bulge on the anterior side due to a lot of cell bodies.

52
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

The cerebellum gets the motor plan from the cells of the pons, and compares what you meant to do with what you’re really doing

53
Q

What are three identifying factors of the midbrain?

A

The midbrain has cranial nerves (3, 4), two cerebral peduncles and four colliculi

54
Q

What are cerebral peduncles and where are they located?

A

Cerebral peduncles are on the front of the midbrain. They are 2 bundles of white matter and are motor in function

55
Q

What are the colliculi and where are they located?

A

Colliculi are located on the back of the midbrain and are clusters of cell bodies that are important for linking vision and hearing. The top 2 are superior colliculi, linking vision to movement of the head and the bottom 2 are inferior colliculi, linking auditory information to movement of the head

56
Q

What three structures make up the cerebellum?

A

The vermis, the hemispheres and the peduncles. The vermis is right down the middle of the cerebellum and hemispheres are on either side

57
Q

What is the function of the vermis and hemispheres?

A

The vermis controls and coordinates midline/trunk, while the cerebellum controls extremities/arms and legs. The size of each structure correlates with the control (the hemispheres/extremities have more control vs. midline control)

58
Q

What is the function of the cerebellar peduncles?

A

The peduncles (bundles of axons) are simply the fiber bundles that connect the cerebellum to the rest of the brain

59
Q

What four clusters lie deep in the cerebrum?

A

Two clusters are the thalami and two clusters are the basal ganglia

60
Q

Where is the thalamus? What is its function?

A

Cells of the thalamus are located on either side of the midline and toward the back of the brain. These clusters of cells are concerned with sensory function from the body to the brain

61
Q

Where is the basal ganglia? What is its function?

A

The basal ganglia are two clusters of cells located toward the front of the brain and have a motor planning function

62
Q

What is a gyrus?

A

A gyrus is an out folding or bump or mountain of the cortex

63
Q

What is a sulcus?

A

A sulcus is a valley or a depression or a groove that is found between gyri

64
Q

What is a fissure?

A

A fissure is a very deep sulcus or a very deep sulcus

65
Q

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

A

The major role of the frontal lobe is motor planning/motor control (the frontal lobe is in front), as well as executive functioning (planning, creating options, solving a problem)

66
Q

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

A

The major role of the parietal lobe is to receive and make sense of somatosensation

67
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

A

The temporal lobe receives and makes sense of auditory information

68
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

The occipital lobe receives and processes visual information or signals from your eyes

69
Q

What is the function of the limbic lobe?

A

The limbic lobe is deep in the middle of the cerebral cortex and is part of the “survival of species” brain, regulating emotions and memory

70
Q

What is the insular lobe?

A

The insular lobe is insulated and deep under the parietal and temporal lobes

71
Q

Where is the central sulcus located? What does it do?

A

The central sulcus separates the frontal from parietal lobe and separates motor function from sensory function

72
Q

Where is the lateral sulcus located?

A

The lateral sulcus separates the temporal lobe from everything else (primarily from frontal and parietal)

73
Q

Where is the cingulate sulcus?

A

The cingulate sulcus separates the limbic lobe from everything else and is on the medial surface of the hemisphere

74
Q

Where is the parieto-occipital sulcus?

A

The parieto-occipital sulcus separates the parietal lobe and occipital lobe and separates somatosensation from vision

75
Q

Where is the pre central gyrus?

A

The pre central gyrus is in front of the central sulcus and in the frontal lobe. This gyrus helps with motor function and is critical in voluntary movement

76
Q

Where is the post central gyrus?

A

The post central gyrus is behind the central sulcus and helps with sensory function

77
Q

What are the two giant white matter/axon bundles in the cerebral hemispheres?

A

The corpus callosum and the internal capsule

78
Q

What is the function of the corpus callosum?

A

The corpus callosum is the white matter that connects the hemispheres and serves as the side-to-side connection (the left hemisphere understands what is being said, the right hemisphere understands the emotion behind words)

79
Q

What is the function of the internal capsule?

A

The internal capsule is made of fiber bundles that have all of sensory and motor axons into and out of cerebral hemispheres

80
Q

What is the function of the cerebrospinal fluid system?

A

The CSF system provides hydraulic cushioning and chemical buffering

81
Q

Where are the 2 lateral ventricles located?

A

The lateral ventricles are the water balloon right down the middle of both hemispheres

82
Q

What connects the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle?

A

The interventricular foramen

83
Q

Where is the third ventricle located?

A

The third ventricle is the water balloon located in midline between the two thalami

84
Q

What connects the third ventricle and fourth ventricle?

A

The cerebral aqueduct

85
Q

Where is the fourth ventricle located?

A

The fourth ventricle is located in front of the cerebellum behind the pons

86
Q

What is the flow of the CSF system?

A

Lateral ventricles (2), interventricular foramen (2), third ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, fourth ventricle, lateral foramina, median foramen

Neuroscience (1 decks)

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