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Immunology > Chapter One > Flashcards

Chapter One Flashcards

1
Q

How does the body defend itself?

A
  1. anatomical barriers 2. complement/antimicrobial proteins 3. innate immune cells 4. adaptive immunity
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2
Q

Who is Edward Jenner?

A

developed the world’s first vaccine: the smallpox vaccine.

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3
Q

How was the smallpox vaccine developed?

A
  1. noticed milkmaids that had contracted cowpox did not get smallpox 2. test on 8yo boy by injecting cowpox into him 3. vaccine was invented
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4
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

inoculation of health inds w/ weakened or attenuated strains (not always!) of disease causing agents in order to provide protection from disease. biological preparation that stimulate the immune system and prepare it to fight future infections caused by pathogens

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5
Q

What is the biologic industry?

A

companies that manufacture biological products that are derived from genetically modified protein and human genes. global biologic market was worth $221 billion in 2017

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6
Q

What are biologics products?

A

wide range of recombinant therapeutic proteins, vaccines, and monoclonal antibodies

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7
Q

What are therapeutic proteins/recombinant proteins?

A

engineered in the lab & works by targeting therapeutic process which compensates for the deficiency of an essential protein

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8
Q

How can the production of an antigen by genetic engineering be useful?

A

HB vaccine production: HB antigen is fermented and extracted and purified to make the HB vaccine

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9
Q

Where do most cells of the immune system arise from?

A

bone marrow: WBCs aka leukocytes are responsible for innate and adaptive immune responses

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10
Q

Where do tissue resident macrophage population originate from?

A

(ex: microglia of CNS) yolk sack or fetal liver during embryonic developmet

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11
Q

Where do immune cells go once they mature?

A

peripheral tissues, circulate in bloodstream, or circulate in lymphatic system

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12
Q

What is lymph?

A

carries antigen taken up by dendritic cells & macrophages to the lymph nodes as well as recirculting lymphocytes from the lymph nodes back into the blood

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13
Q

What happens at central lymphoid organs? What are they?

A

maturation site: bone marrow and thymus

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14
Q

What are peripheral lymphoid organs?

A

lymph nodes and the spleen, maintain mature naive lymphocytes: site of adaptive response

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15
Q

What are hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)?

A

from the bone marrow, create all cellular elements of blood (RBCs, platelets, WBCs)

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16
Q

What are pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)?

A

differentiated into lymphoid and myeloid stem cells

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17
Q

What is the different between damage from commensal organism vs. pathogens?

A

pathogens damage host tissues by a variety of mechanisms while commensal organisms cause little host damage

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18
Q

What is the 1st defense against pathogens?

A

anatomic & chemical barriers

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19
Q

What is the immune system activated by?

A

inflammatory inducers that indicate the presence of pathogens or tissue damage

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20
Q

What lineage comprises most of the cells of the innate immune system?

A

myeloid lineage

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21
Q

What do sensor cells do?

A

express pattern recognition receptors that provide an initial discrimination between self and non-self. induce inflammatory response by producing mediators such as chemokines and cytokines

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22
Q

What are innate lymphocytes & NK cells?

A

effectors cells that share similarities w/ lymphoid lineages of the adaptive immune system

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23
Q

What are the 4 categories of pathogens?

A
  1. viruses 2. bacteria & archaea 3. fungi 4. parasites (eukaryotic)
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24
Q

What are commensal microorganisms?

A

can have a symbiotic relationship with the host (ex: bacteria aid in cellulose digestion in the stomachs of ruminants). Microbes in intestinal microbiome cause no damage bc of protective layer of mucus. Pathogenic bacteria can penetrate this barrier and be harmful

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25
Q

Its an “ART” to deal with the threat posed by microbes.

A

A: Avoidance (anatomic barriers & behavior modification) R: resistance (reducing or eliminating pathogens), mediators/effector mechanism (activating immune system) T: tolerance (context or disease susceptibility in plants rather than animals e.g. can make new stems)

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26
Q

What is a complement?

A

group of 30 different plasma proteins that act together & are one of the most important effector mechanisms in serum and interstitial tissues. contribute to both innate & adaptive responses. “complements ability of antibodies & phagocytic cells to clear microbes & damaged cells from an organism

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27
Q

What is the order of cell mediated immune response?

A
  1. innate immune response 2. adaptive immune response 3. immunological memory
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28
Q

What does the innate immune system need help?

A

“limited repertoire” of receptors need lymphocytes from adaptive immune system but adaptive immune system interacts w/ & relies on cells of the innate immune system for many of its functions

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29
Q

How do lymphocytes work?

A

express highly specialized antigen receptors that collectively posses a vast repertoire of exquisite specificity

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30
Q

What is the common myeloid progenitor (CMP)?

A

make macrophage, eosinophil, dendritic cell, basophil, neutrophil, mast cells, megakaryocytes & RBCs

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31
Q

Why are macrophages important?

A

resident in almost all tissues: 1st line of defense is phagocytic function. also dispose of pathogens & infected cells targeted by an adaptive immune response. “general scavenger” cells - clearing dead cells & debris

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32
Q

What are 2 key macrophage functions

A
  1. help induce inflammation 2. produce many inflammatory mediators that activate other immune-system cells & recruit them into an immune response
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33
Q

What happens to microbes coated by complement system proteins?

A

recognized by specific complement receptors on macrophages & neutrophils, taken up by phagocytosis & destroyed

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34
Q

What are granulocytes?

A

have densely staining granules in their cytoplasm, polymorphonuclear leukocytes bc of their oddly shaped nuclei

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35
Q

What are phagocytic neutrophils?

A

destroy in intracellular vesicles by using degradative enzymes & other antimicrobial substances stored in their cytoplasmic granules

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36
Q

What is true about eosinophils & basophils?

A

thought to be important chiefly in defense against parasite which are too large to be ingested by macrophages or neutrophils

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37
Q

What do granules contain?

A

many inflammatory mediators, such as histamine & various proteases (found in mast cells)

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38
Q

Why are dendritic cells important?

A

Take up particulate matter by phagocytosis and also continually ingest large amounts of the extracellular fluid & its contents via macropinocytosis but this is not their main role. they are “major class of sensor cells” whose encounter w/ pathogens triggers them to produce mediators that activate other immune cells.

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39
Q

How were dendritic cells discovered?

A

bc of their role in activating a particular class of lymphocytes - T lymphocytes - of the adaptive immune system

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40
Q

What are D,N,M cells

A

important classes of sensor cells that detect infection & initiate immune responses by producing inflammatory mediators: pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) like toll like receptors (TLR) & pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

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41
Q

What do sensor cell detect?

A

mannose-rich oligosaccharides, peptidoglycans, & lipopolysaccharides of the bacterial cell wall, unmethylated CpG DNA common to many pathogens

42
Q

What effector functions do activation of PRRs on sensor cells induce?

A
  1. phagocytosis & degradation of bacteria 2. amplify the immune response by production of inflammatory mediators
43
Q

What is a cytokine?

A

inflammatory mediator protein that effects the behavior of nearby cells (>60)

44
Q

What are chemokines?

A

inflammatory mediator protein that acts as chemoattractant for neutrophils & monocytes out of the bloodstream & into infected tissue

45
Q

What functions do cytokines & chemokines perform?

A
  1. recruit cells from the blood into infected tissues, a process known as “inflammation” 2. help organize various cells in lymphoid tissues
46
Q

What does inflammation do?

A

increases flow of lymph, which carries microbes or cells bearing their antigens from the infected tissue to nearby lymphoid tissues, where the adaptive immune response in initiated

47
Q

How is inflammation described clinically?

A

pain, redness, swelling, heat (PRSH)

48
Q

Infection triggers a ___ response.

A

inflammatory

49
Q

What happens to cells during inflammation?

A

dilate & increase permeability of blood vessels which causes heat, redness, & swelling & increased local blood flow & leakage of fluid & blood proteins into the tissues

50
Q

What effect do cytokines & complement fragments have on the endothelium that lines blood vessels?

A

endothelial cells themselves also produce cytokines in response to infection which alter adhesive properties of the endothelial cells & cause circulating leukocytes to stick to the E. cells & migrate between them into the site of infection to which they are attracted by chemokines

51
Q

What causes pain during an infection?

A

migration of cells into tissue & their local actions

52
Q

Macrophages and neutrophils are known as

A

inflammatory cells

53
Q

NKCs & innate lymphocytes are…

A

effector cells that share similarities w/ lymphoid lineages of the adaptive immune system. ILCs are in peripheral tissues (e.g. intestine) where they function as the sources of mediators of inflammatory responses.

54
Q

What is an APC?

A

antigen presenting cell

55
Q

What are some characteristics of adaptive immunity?

A
  1. antigen specific 2. prototype antigen receptor 3. immunological memory
56
Q

What does the interaction between antigens w/ antigen receptors induce?

A

lymphocytes acquire effector & memory activity (B lymphocytes - B cells & T lymphocytes - T cells)

57
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

small & inactive cells (no antigen)

58
Q

What effect does an antigen have on naive lymphocytes?

A

turns them into effector lymphocytes

59
Q

What effect does an antigen have on B-cells?

A

membrane bound antibodies are secreted and turn B cells into plasma cells which later become memory cells

60
Q

What effect does an antigen have on T cells?

A

turns them into effector T lymphocytes (cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, regulatory T cells) which then become memory cells

61
Q

What is the Fc region of antibody & T cell receptors?

A

constant region aka fragment crystallizable region which takes one of only 4-5 biochemically distinguishable forms

62
Q

What is the variable region of antibodies & T cell receptors?

A

can be composed of vast number of different amino acid sequences that allow antibodies to recognize an equally vast variety of antigens

63
Q

What are the chain components of an antibody molecule?

A

2 identical heavy chains & 2 identical light chains

64
Q

What makes up the antigen-binding site on an antibody?

A

variable regions of a heavy chain and light chain that determine the antigen-binding specificity of the antibody

65
Q

What makes up the structure of a T-cell receptor?

A

2 chains: 1. TCR alpha chain 2. TCP beta chain that are roughly equal in size and span the T-cell membrane & a variable and constant region all together create a single site for binding antigen

66
Q

What is an antigenic determinant (or epitope)?

A

small portion of the antigen’s molecular structure recognized by an individual antigen receptor or antibody

67
Q

Where are epitopes of “native antigen’s” found?

A

serum or extracellular spaces: simultaneous recognition increases efficiency of clearing/neutralizing the antigen

68
Q

How are T cell receptors different from antibody receptors?

A

T cell receptors cannot recognize native antigens

69
Q

How do T cell receptors recognize protein antigens?

A
  1. antigen must first be broken down into peptide fragments 2. epitope peptide binds to self molecule (MHC molecule) 3. T cell receptor binds to complex of MHC molecule & epitope peptide
70
Q

What is a MHC?

A

major histocompatibility complex on protein antigens recognized by T cells

71
Q

How are antigen-receptor genes assembled?

A

by somatic gene rearrangements of incomplete receptor gene segments

72
Q

What is signifiant about lymphocytes?

A

they are the units of clonal selection. lymphocytes w/ self-reactive receptors are normally eliminated during development

73
Q

How are lymphocytes prevented from recognizing native antigens on the tissues of the body & attacking them?

A

developing lymphocytes that are potentially self-reactive are removed before they can mature (clonal deletion). some that receive too much or too little signal through their antigen receptor during development go through apoptosis

74
Q

Where do lymphocytes mature? Then where do they go?

A

mature in bone marrow or thymus & then congregate in lymphoid tissues throughout the body

75
Q

What are central/primary lymphoid organs? What is their function?

A

sites: bone marrow & thymus
function: generates lymphocytes

76
Q

What are peripheral/secondary lymphoid organs? What is their function(s)?

A

sites: lymph nodes, spleen, mucosal lymphoid tissues of the gut, nasal & respiratory tract, urogential tract, & other muscosa
function: mature naive lymphocytes are maintained, adaptive immune responses are initiated

77
Q

What are naive lymphocytes?

A

mature but not yet activated

78
Q

What are lymphatics?

A

drain extracellular fluid from the peripheral tissues, through lymph nodes, & into thoracic duct, which empties into the left subclavian vein

79
Q

What is lymph?

A

extracellular fluid from the peripheral tissues carries antigen taken up by dendritic cells & macrophages to the lymph nodes, as well as recirculating lymphocytes from the lymph nodes back into the blood

80
Q

How are adaptive immune responses initiated?

A

by antigen and antigen-presenting cells in secondary lymphoid tissues. dendritic cells

81
Q

Why are dendritic cells important?

A

form a key link between the innate immune system & the adaptive immune system

82
Q

What do lymphocytes respond to?

A

antigens in the peripheral lymphoid organs then generate effector cells & immunological memory

83
Q

Why are mucosal surface important?

A

have specialized immune structures that orchestrate responses to environmental microbial encounters

84
Q

How are mucosal surfaces protected?

A

extensive system of lymphoid tissues: mucosal immune system or mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)

85
Q

What 4 classes of pathogens does the immune system protect against?

A
  1. viruses (intracellular) 2. intracellular bacteria, protozoa, parasites 3. extracellular bacteria, parasites, fungi 4. parasitic worms (extracellular)
86
Q

What is humoral immunity?

A

immunity mediated by antibodies

87
Q

Where are antibodies found?

A

plasma and extra cellular fluids

88
Q

What do T cells do?

A

orchestrate cell mediated immunity & regulate B cell responses to most antigens

89
Q

What are MHC molecules?

A

on cell surface of T cells display peptide fragments of antigens

90
Q

What are MHC I molecules?

A

present antigen derived from proteins in the cytosol & are expressed on most cells of the body

91
Q

What are caspases?

A

enzymes that activate a cytosolic nuclease that cleaves host & viral DNA in the infected cell

92
Q

What do cytotoxic CD8 T cell do?

A

recognize antigen presented by MHC class I molecules & kill the cell

93
Q

What do CD4 T cells do?

A

recognize antigen presented by MHC class II proteins and then develop into different effector subsets called TH1 (T helper type 1), TH2, TH3,…

94
Q

What kinds of cells express MHC class II molecules?

A

dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells

95
Q

What do helper T cells do?

A

act primarily at sites of infection or injury in peripheral tissues

96
Q

What are immunodeficiency disease?

A

adaptive immunity is completely absent & death occur s in infancy from overwhelming infection

97
Q

What is acquired immune deficiency syndrome? (AIDS)

A

caused by infectious agent, the human immunodeficiency viruses HIV-1 & HIV-2 infects & destroys T cells leading to infections caused by intracellular bacteria & other pathogens normally controlled by such cells

98
Q

What antigen causes graft rejection?

A

MHC molecules bc each of these is present in many different versions in the human population - highly “polymorphic”

99
Q

What is the most effective means of controlling infectious diseases?

A

vaccination

100
Q

What is the 1st line of defense?

A

skin, oral, mucosa, respiratory epithelium, different layers of intestine, body’s epithelial surface

Immunology (8 decks)

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