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Abnormal Psych > Chapter One > Flashcards

Chapter One Flashcards

1
Q

psychological disorder

A

psychological dysfunction associated with distress or impairment in functioning that is not a typical or culturally expected response

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2
Q

phobia

A

psychological disorder characterized by marked and persistent fear of an object or situation

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3
Q

psychological dysfunction (3)

A

a breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning

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4
Q

personal distress/impairment

A

satisfied if an individual is extremely upset - does not meet criteria of psych. disorder by itself

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5
Q

Does psychological dysfunction alone meet criteria of a psychological disorder?

A

No - it’s on a continuum, not present or absent

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6
Q

Does personal distress/impairment alone meet the criteria for a psychological disorder?

A

No

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7
Q

Does atypical or not culturally expected behavior meet the criteria for a psychological disorder?

A

No - could be abnormal only because it deviates from the average

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8
Q

Most psych disorders are extreme expressions of which 3 processes?

A

Emotions, behaviors, and cognitive processes

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9
Q

DSM-5 definition of psych disorder?

A

Behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunctions that are unexpected in their cultural context and associated with present distress and impairment in functioning, or increased risk of suffering, death, pain, or impairment

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10
Q

prototype

A

the “typical” profile of a disorder

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11
Q

Why are prototypes important?

A

Not all patients have all/same symptoms of a disorder

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12
Q

psychopathology

A

scientific study of psychological disorders

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13
Q

abnormal behavior

A

actions that are unexpected and often evaluated negatively because they differ from typical or usual behavior

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14
Q

3 characteristics of scientist-practitioners

A

consumer of science, evaluator of science, creator of science

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15
Q

presenting problem

A

original complaint reported by the client to the therapist. The actual treated problem may be a modification derived from the presenting problem

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16
Q

clinical description (3)

A

details of the combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings of an individual that make up a particular disorder

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17
Q

What does clinical refer to (2)?

A

both the types of disorders you would find in a clinic or hospital and to the activities connected with assessment and treatment

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18
Q

What is the most important function of a clinical description?

A

It specifies what makes a disorder different from normal behavior or from other disorders

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19
Q

prevalence

A

number of people displaying a disorder in the total population at any given time

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20
Q

incidence

A

number of new cases of a disorder appearing during a specific period

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21
Q

course

A

pattern of development and change of a disorder over time

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22
Q

prognosis

A

predicted development of a disorder over time

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23
Q

etiology

A

cause or source of a disorder

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24
Q

sex ratio

A

the percentage of males and females that have the disorder

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25
Q

chronic course

A

disorders that last a long time

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26
Q

episodic course

A

recovers within a few months only to suffer a recurrence of the disorder at a later time

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27
Q

time-limited course

A

improves without treatment in a relatively short period

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28
Q

acute onset

A

begins suddenly

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29
Q

insidious onset

A

disorders that develop gradually over an extended period

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30
Q

developmental psychology

A

the study of changes in behavior over time

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31
Q

developmental psychopathology

A

the study of changes in abnormal behavior over time

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32
Q

life-span developmental psychopathology

A

study of abnormal behavior across the entire age span

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33
Q

What are the 3 aspects of etiology?

A

biological, psychological, and social dimensions of why a disorder begins

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34
Q

What are the 3 historical models of abnormal behavior?

A

Supernatural model (soul/psyche), Biological model, Psychological model

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35
Q

When was the supernatural tradition most prevalent?

A

14th-17th centuries

36
Q

What’s the basis of the supernatural tradition?

A

deviant behavior was considered a reflection of the battle between good and evil (sorcery and witches)

37
Q

What were the main treatments of the supernatural tradition?

A

exorcism, shaving cross patterns, securing people to church walls

38
Q

Which tradition believed that sorcerers and witches caused madness?

A

supernatural tradition

39
Q

exorcism

A

religious rituals to rid the victim of evil spirits

40
Q

stress and melancholy tradition

A

view that insanity was a natural phenomenon caused by mental or emotional stress and was curable

41
Q

symptoms of stress and melancholy tradition

A

despair and lethargy

42
Q

treatments for stress and melancholy tradition

A

rest, sleep, healthy environment

43
Q

Nicholas Oresme (14th cent.)

A

suggested melancholy (depression) was the source of bizarre behavior instead of demons

44
Q

mass hysteria

A

large-scale outbreaks of bizarre behavior

45
Q

example of modern mass hysteria

A

Students and teachers all getting sick after a girl reported being sick from a smell coming from a vent

46
Q

emotion contagion

A

when the experience of an emotion spreads to people around us

47
Q

mob psychology

A

shared response to a problem during a state of high emotion

48
Q

The moon and stars theory

A

Paracelsus - movements of the moon and stars hve effects on people’s psychological functioning

49
Q

Hippocrates and Galen (450-350 BCE)

A

founders of humoral theory

50
Q

humoral theory

A

normal brain functioning is related to 4 bodily fluids (humors)

51
Q

What are the 4 humors?

A

blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm

52
Q

somatic symptom disorders

A

disorders and symptoms such as paralysis and blindness which have no phsyical cause

53
Q

general paresis (syphilis)

A

first time that a bacterial disease was realized to be the cause of psychological conditions

54
Q

Louis Pasteur (1870)

A

established the germ theory of disease and facilitated the identification of the microorganism that causes syphilis

55
Q

delusions

A

beliefs that are not based in reality

56
Q

hallucinations

A

perceptions that are not based in reality

57
Q

John P. Grey (1850s)

A

champion of the biological tradition - believed causes of insanity were always physical

58
Q

3 early biological treatments in order:

A

insulin shock therapy, electro-convulsive therapy, neuroleptics

59
Q

benzodiazepines

A

minor tranquilizers, reduce anxiety

60
Q

neuroleptics

A

major tranquilizers

61
Q

Manfred Sakel

A

developed insulin shock therapy

62
Q

Emil Kraepelin (early 1900s)

A

advocate of the biological tradition - developed diagnosis and classification amount various psychological disorders

63
Q

psychosocial treatment

A

treatment practices that focus on social and cultural factors (such as family experience), as well as psychological influences. Includes cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal methods

64
Q

What are the 3 methods of psychosocial treatment?

A

Cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal methods

65
Q

moral therapy

A

psychosocial approach in the 19th century that involved treating patients as normally as possible in normal evnironments

66
Q

What caused the decline of moral therapy?

A

Dorothea Dix’s campaigning for moral treatment over-crowded mental health facilities

67
Q

mental hygiene movement

A

mid-19th century effort to improve care of the mentally disordered by informing the public of their mistreatment

68
Q

psychoanalysis

A

assessment and therapy pioneered by Sigmund Freud that emphasizes exploration of, and insight into, unconscious processes and conflicts

69
Q

behaviorism

A

explanation of human behavior, including dysfunction, based on principles of learning and adaptation derived from experimental psychology

70
Q

unconscious

A

part of the psychic makeup that is outside the awareness of the person

71
Q

catharsis

A

rapid or sudden release of emotional tension thought to be an important factor in psychoanalytic therapy

72
Q

psychoanalytic model

A

complex and comprehensive theory originally advanced by Freud that seeks to account for the development and structure of personality, as well as the origin of abnormal behavior, based primarily on inferred inner entities and forces

73
Q

id

A

in psychoanalysis, the unconscious psychic entity present at birth representing basic drives

74
Q

ego

A

in psychoanalysis, the psychic entity responsible for finding realistic and practical ways to satisfy id drives

75
Q

superego

A

in psychoanalysis, the psychic entity representing the internalized moral standards of parents and society

76
Q

intrapsychic conflicts

A

in psychoanalytic theory, a struggle among the id, ego, and superego

77
Q

defense mechanism

A

common pattern of behavior, often an adaptive coping style when it occurs in moderation, observed in response to a particular situation. Psychoanalytic theory suggests that defense mechanisms are unconscious processes originating in the ego

78
Q

psychosexual stages of development

A

psychoanalytic concept of the sequence of phases a person passes through during development. Each state is named for the location on the body where id gratification is maximal at that time

79
Q

castration anxiety

A

in psychoanalysis, the fear in young boys that they will be mutilated genitally because of their lust for their mothers

80
Q

neurosis

A

obsolete psychodynamic term for a psychological disorder thought to result from an unconscious conflict and the anxiety it causes. Plural is neuroses

81
Q

ego psychology

A

psychoanalytic theory that emphasizes the role of the go in development and attributes psychological disorders to failure of the go to manage impulses and internal conflicts. Also known as self-psychology

82
Q

object relations

A

modern development in psychodynamic theory involving the study of how children incorporate the memories and values of the people who are close and important to them

83
Q

collective unconscious

A

accumulated wisdom of a culture collected and remembered across generations, a psychodynamic concept introduced by Carl Jung

84
Q

free association

A

psychoanalytic therapy technique intended to explore threatening material repressed into the unconscious. The patient is instructed to say whatever comes to mind without censoring.

85
Q

dream analysis

A

psychoanalytic therapy method in which dream content is examined as symbolic of id impulses and intrapsychic conflicts

86
Q

psychoanalyst

A

therapist who practices psychoanalysis after earning either an MD or PhD degree and receiving additional specialized postdoctoral training

87
Q

transference

A

psychoanalytic concept suggesting that clients may seek to relate to the therapist as they do to important authority figures, particularly their partners

Abnormal Psych (1 decks)

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