Chapter One Cells

Question 1

Mitochondria?

Answer 1

Spread through cytoplasm 
Double membrane
Smooth outer membrane 
Inner membrane=series of folds
Chemical reactions of cellular respiration 
Inner membrane=large SA
make energy for cell activities

Question 2

Lysosomes

Answer 2

Small spheres 
Bounded by membrane 
Formed in Golgi body
Contain digestive enzymes 
Able to break down large molecules
Lysosomes can join vesicles

Question 3

Cilia? Flagella?

Answer 3

Fine projections
Move substances over surface of cell
Short, tiny= cilia
Long=flagella 
Lining of windpipe=cilia
Sperm cell= flagella

Question 4

Functions of cell membrane

Answer 4

Physical barrier
Regulation of passage of materials
Sensitivity
Support

Question 5

Diffusion

Answer 5

Passive process
Spreading out of particles
Move randomly
Across differential lay permeable membrane

Question 6

Net diffusion

Answer 6

More direction of molecules

None when evenly spread

Question 7

Cytoplasm?

Answer 7

Thick fluid
Fills up space
Inside cell membrane

Question 8

Fat soluble substances

Answer 8

Alcohol
Steroids
Other
Easily enter, diffuse through lipid portions of membrane

Question 9

Oxygen in cells

Answer 9

Diffuses
Continually used up inside cell respiration
Concentration lower inside
Higher outside
Concentration difference=no net diffusion

Question 10

Carbon dioxide in cells

Answer 10

Continually produced inside cell
By respiration
Higher inside cell
There will be net diffusion outside cell

Question 11

Water soluble

Answer 11

Must pass through protein channels in membrane
Small in diameter
Water +ions easily fit through

Question 12

Osmosis

Answer 12

Diffusion of water
Across differentially membrane
High water concentration=low concentration
Small water molecules pass through pores in membrane

Question 13

Osmotic pressure

Answer 13

Higher level on one side of the membrane

Higher concentration= higher osmotic pressure

Question 14

Concentration gradient

Answer 14

Difference in concentration between two sides of the membrane

Bigger the difference in concentration =steeper the diffusion gradient and faster diffusion occurs

Question 15

Carrier~mediated transport

Answer 15

Proteins in cell membrane>bind to molecules

To be transported> help their passage across membrane

Question 16

Characteristics of carrier mediated transport

Answer 16

> carrier proteins~ specific, only bond to particular molecule

> carriers become occupied~ all available occupied, any increase in molecules, cannot increase rate of of movement

> carrier activity regulated by hormones~ hormones important in coordinating activity a of carrier proteins

Question 17

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 17

Passive process
Move with concentration gradient
From high con on one side of membrane, to lower on the other
Molecule to be transported
Attaches to a biding site on carrier
Carrier changes shape, molecule released on other side

Question 18

Vesicular transport

Answer 18

Movement of substances across cell membrane in membranous bags= vesicles
Active transport

Question 19

Endocytosis

Answer 19

Taking liquid and or solids into the cell by vesicular transport
Cell membrane folds around a droplet of liquid or a solid particle until particle completely enclosed
Vesicle formed, then pinches off and suspended in cells cytoplasm

Question 20

Exocytosis

Answer 20

Contents of a vesicle inside the cell are passed to the outside.
Vesicle formed inside the cell= migrates to cell membrane and fuses with the membrane.
Contents of vesicle pushed out into the extra cellular fluid

Question 21

Tissues

Answer 21

Group of cells
Similar structure work together
To carry out task

Question 22

Epithelial tissue

Answer 22

Covering or lining tissue
Closely joined
Heart, liver, kidneys
Thin,flat

Question 23

Connective tissue

Answer 23

Provides support
Helps hold body parts together
Separated by MATRIX 
(Non cellular material)
Bones, cartilage, tendons

Question 24

Muscular tissue

Answer 24

Long, thin
Muscular fibres
Respond by contracting

Question 25

Skeletal muscle

Answer 25

Muscle attached to bones
Arms and legs
Voluntary control

Question 26

Involuntary control

Answer 26

Made up of cells, we can’t contract voluntary
Walls of stomach, intestine
Smooth

Question 27

Cardiac muscle

Answer 27

Heart muscle
Contract So=pumps blood
Non voluntary

Question 28

Nervous tissue

Answer 28

Specialised nerve cells
Neurones
Long projections
Stimulated= messages can be carried along these projections
Brain, spinal cord, nerves