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Physiology II > Chapter Seven - Endocrine Glands > Flashcards

Chapter Seven - Endocrine Glands Flashcards

1
Q

Thyroid gland consists of

A

Two lobes of endocrine tissue joined in the middle by narrow portion of gland

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2
Q

Follicular cells

A

Arranged into hollow spheres
-forms functional unit called a follicle
-lumen filled with colloid

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3
Q

Lumen of follicular cells serves as

A

Extracellular storage site for thyroid hormone

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4
Q

Secretion of TH

A

Produce two iodine containing hormones derived from amino acid tyrosine

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5
Q

C cells

A

Secrete peptide hormone calcitonin

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6
Q

Thyroid gland

A

-synthesis, storage, secretion of thyroid hormone

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7
Q

Basic ingredients involved in synthesis, storage and secretion of thyroid hormone

A

-tyrosine
-iodine

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8
Q

Tyrosine

A

Synthesized in sufficient amounts by body

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9
Q

Iodine

A

Obtained from dietary intake

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10
Q

All steps of synthesis occur on

A

Thyroglobulin molecules within colloid

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11
Q

Tyrosine contains thyroglobulin is exported from

A

Follicular cells into colloid by exocytosis

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12
Q

Thyroid captures iodine form blood and

A

Transfers it into colloid by iodine pump

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13
Q

Within colloid iodine…

A

Attaches to tyrosine

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14
Q

Coupling process occurs between

A

Iodinated tyrosine molecules to from thyroid hormones

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15
Q

Thyroid gland storage

A

-thyroid hormones remain in colloid until they are split off and secreted
-usually enough thyroid hormone stored to supply body’s needs for several months

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16
Q

Thyroid gland secretion

A

-follicular cells phagocytize thyroglobulin laden colloid
-process frees T3 and T4 to diffuse across plasma membrane into blood

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17
Q

Amine hormone

A

2 tyrosines

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18
Q

Lipophilic

A

Transported on plasma protein
-thyroxine binding globulin

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19
Q

Thyroid hormones contain

A

Iodine

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20
Q

T4 and T3 percentages

A

4- 90%
3- 10%

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21
Q

Target cells cleave iodine atom from

A

T4
-mainly liver and kidney
-T3 is four times as potent at T4

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22
Q

Where are receptors for thyroid hormones

A

In nuclei of most cells in body
-widespread actions

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23
Q

Major actions of thyroid hormone

A

-metabolic rate and heat production
-sympathomimetic
-growth and CNS development

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24
Q

Thyroid hormone made up of

A

-amine hormone
-Lipophilic
-iodine

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25
Q

Effects of thyroid hormone

A

-main determinant of basal metabolic rate
-inc target cell responsiveness to catecholamines
-normal development of ns
-essential for normal growth

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26
Q

Thyroid gland: basal metabolic rate

A

-stimulates Na/K ATPase
-heat generated in glycolysis (glucose to ATP)
-calorigenic action

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27
Q

Thyroid gland: inc target cell responsiveness to catecholamines

A

-permissive action
-inc heart rate and force of contraction

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28
Q

Inc b adrenoceptors on heart

A

-inc heart rate and force of contraction
-thyroid gland

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29
Q

absence of T3 and T4 during fetal life

A

Congenital hypothyroidism
-poorly developed ns and severely compromised
-lack of iodine in pregnant mother

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30
Q

Thyroid gland: essential for normal growth

A

-stimulate GH release and IGF-1 production
-enhances effects of GH and IGF-1 on target cells

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31
Q

TSH

A

Tropic hormone

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32
Q

Absence of TSH

A

Thyroid gland atrophy

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33
Q

Excess of TSH

A

Thyroid gland hypertrophy and hyperplasia
-goitre

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34
Q

TSH regulates

A

Many steps in thyroid hormone synthesis and release

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35
Q

Secretion of thyroid gland is regulated by

A

Negative feedback system
-between hypothalamic TRH, anterior pituitary TSH and thyroid gland T3 and T4

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36
Q

Causes of Hypothyroidism

A

Causes:
-primary failure of thyroid gland
-secondary to a deficiency of TRH, TSH or both
-inadequate dietary supply of iodine

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37
Q

Cretinism

A

Results from hypothyroidism from birth
-CNS effect

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38
Q

Myxedema

A

Hypothyroidism
-term often used for hypothyroidism in adults
-mucopolysaccharides accumulate under skin
-deem

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39
Q

Anterior pituitary signals

A

thyroid gland by inc thyroid stimulating hormone

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40
Q

Thyroid gland signals

A

Anterior pituitary by secreting thyroid hormone
-decreses

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41
Q

Symptoms of hypothyroidism

A

-inc sensitivity to cold
-weight gain
-easily fatigued
-slow weak pulse
-impaired mental function

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42
Q

Treatment of hypothyroidism

A

Replacement hormone therapy
-dietary iodine

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43
Q

Goitres

A

Overstimulated thyroid gland with TSH

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44
Q

Goiters treatment

A

-exogenous thyroid hormone
-dietary iodine if deficiency is cause

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45
Q

Graves’ disease

A

Autoimmune disease
-hyperthyroidism
-produces TSI rather than TSH

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46
Q

Symptoms of hyperthyroidism

A

-heat intolerance
-weight loss and weakness
-inc appetite
-inc sns activity

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47
Q

Inc sns activety

A

Anxiety, tremors, inc heart rate

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48
Q

Treatment of hyperthyroid ism

A

-surgical removal of a portion of the thyroid
-radioactive iodine
-anti thyroid drugs

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49
Q

Primary failure of thyroid gland (plasma concentration of relevant hormones, and goitre presen, hypo or hyper?)

A
  • Dec T3 and T4
  • inc TSH
  • goiter present
  • hypothyroidism
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50
Q

Secondary to hypothalamic or anterior pituitary failure

(plasma concentration of relevant hormones, and goitre presen, hypo or hyper?)

A
  • Dec T3 and T4
  • Dec TRH and TSH
  • no goiter
    -hypothyroidism
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51
Q

Lack of dietary iodine

(plasma concentration of relevant hormones, and goitre presen, hypo or hyper?)

A
  • Dec T3 and T4
  • inc TSH
  • goiter present
  • hypothyroidism
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52
Q

Abnormal presence of long acting thyroid stimulator

(plasma concentration of relevant hormones, and goitre presen, hypo or hyper?)

A

-inc T3 and T4
- Dec TSH
-goiter present
-hyperthyroidism

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53
Q

Secondary to excess hypothalamic or anterior pituitary secretion

(plasma concentration of relevant hormones, and goitre presen, hypo or hyper?)

A

-inc T3 and T4
-inc TRH and TSH
-goiter present
-hyperthyroidism

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54
Q

Hypersecreting thyroid tumour

(plasma concentration of relevant hormones, and goitre presen, hypo or hyper?)

A

-inc T3 and T4
-Dec TSH
-goiter not present
-hyperthyroidism

55
Q

Adrenal glands found

A

Embedded above each kidney in a capsule of fat

56
Q

Adrenal glands are composed of two endocrine organs

A

Adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

57
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

Outer portion
-secretes steroid hormones

58
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Inner portion
-secretes catecholamines (E and NE)

59
Q

Adrenal cortex consists of three layers…

A

-zone glomerulosa
-zone fasciculata
-zone reticularis

60
Q

Zone glomerulosa

A

Outermost layer
-aldosterone

61
Q

Zone fasciculata

A

Middle and largest portion
-cortisol (mainly)
-DHEA

62
Q

Zone reticularis

A

Inner most zone
-DHEA
-cortisol

63
Q

Types of adrenal steroids

A

-mineralocorticoids
-glucocorticoids
-sex hormones

64
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

-mainly aldosterone
-influence mineral balance, specifically Na and K balance

65
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

-primarily cortisol
-major role in glucose metabolism as well as in protein and lipid metabolism

66
Q

Sex hormones

A

-identical or similar to those produced by gonads
-most abundant and physiologically important is dehydroepinadosterone or DHEA (male sex hormone)

67
Q

Adrenal glands cortex are all

A

Cholesterol based hormones
-hydrophobic
-carried by plasma proteins in blood

68
Q

Cortisol is bound to

A

Corticosteroid binding globulin

69
Q

Aldosterone and DHEA is bound to

A

Albumin

70
Q

Mineralocorticoids major effects on Na and K balance

A

-aldosterone is essential for life
-principal action sit is distal and collecting tubules of the kidney

71
Q

Without aldosterone a person

A

Dies within two days without it from circulatory shock

72
Q

Aldosterone

A

Principal action site is on distal and collecting tubules of the kidney

73
Q

Aldosterone secretion is increased by

A

Renin angiotensin aldosterone system

-Dec na
-fall in bp
-rise in plasma K

74
Q

Aldosterone is independent of

A

Anterior pituitary control

75
Q

Aldosterone Hypersecretion may be caused by

A

Hypersecreting renal tumour made up of aldosterone secreting cells

76
Q

Aldosterone Hypersecretion symptoms

A

Excessive Na retention and K depletion
-high blood pressure

77
Q

Addison disease

A

-autoimmune disease
-loss of cortical region
Adrenocortical insufficiency

78
Q

Aldosterone deficiency

A

Hyperkalemia and hyponatremia, hypotension

79
Q

Cortisol deficiency

A

Poor response to stress
-hypoglycemia
-lack of permissive action for many metabolic activities

80
Q

Secondary adrenocortical insufficiency

A

Occurs because of pituitary or hypothalamic abnormality
-only cortisol is deficient

81
Q

Steroid hormones are involved in

A

Glucose metabolism
-protein and fats

82
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Also known as corticosteroids

83
Q

Most abundant steroid hormone found in adrenal glands

A

Cortisol

84
Q

Cortisol stimulates

A

Hepatic gluconeogenesis
-glucose form non carbohydrate sources (amino acids)

85
Q

Cortisol inhibits

A

Glucose uptake and use by many tissues
-increase plasma glucose

*not in the brain

86
Q

Cortisol stimulates (in many tissues)

A

Protein degradation, especially muscle

87
Q

Cortisol facilitates

A

Lipolysis
-fatty acid increase in blood

88
Q

Cortisol displays a characteristic

A

Diurnal rhythm
-secretion

Negative feedback involving hypothalamic CRH and pituitary ACTH

89
Q

Control of cortisol secretion: increase of stress interplays with diurnal rhythms

A

Stress goes to
-hypothalamus
-CRH
-anterior pituitary
-ACTH
-adrenal cortex
-cortisol

90
Q

Permissive actions of glucocorticoids

A

-cortisol permits catecholamines to induce vasoconstriction

-cortisol and catecholamines induce vasoconstriction to prevent circulatory shock in stressful situation

91
Q

Cushing syndrome

A

Cortisol Hypersecretion
-excessive amount of CRH and ACTH
-adrenal tremor secrete cortisol without ACTH
-ACTH secreting tumours located other places than pituitary

92
Q

Symptoms related to Cushing’s syndrome

A

-hyperglycaemia
-redistribution of fat
-muscle weakness
-osteoporosis
-immunosuppression
-hypertension
-think legs, arms, fat on truck and face
-red cheeks

93
Q

Treatment for Cushing syndrome

A

Surgical removal of pituitary tumour, or adrenalectomy

94
Q

Dehydroepiandrosterone or DHEA

A

-only adrenal sex hormone that has any biological importance
-driven by ACTH
-over powered by testicular tester one in males

95
Q

DHEA is physiologically significant in females

A

-growth of pubic and auxiliary hair
-enhancement of pubertal growth spurt
-development and maintenance of female sex drive

96
Q

Adrenogential syndrome

A

Adrenal androgen Hypersecretion

-cortisol insufficiency inc ACTH—> inc DHEA

-DHEA inhibits gonadotropins—> sterile

97
Q

Adrenogenital syndrome in adult females

A

-male like body hair
-depending of voice, more muscular arms and legs
-breasts become smaller, menstruation may stop

98
Q

What relieves masculinization

A

Glucocorticoid therapy

99
Q

Adrenogenital syndrome - newborn females

A

Have male type external genitalia

100
Q

Adrenogenital syndrome - prepubertal males

A

Precocious peduopuberty

101
Q

Adrenogenital syndrome - adult males

A

No apparent affect

102
Q

Adrenal medulla is a modified part of

A

Sympathetic nervous system
-primary stimulus is stress

103
Q

Adrenal medulla releases

A

Catecholamines
-80% epinephrine
-20% norepinephrine

104
Q

Epinephrine or adrenaline

A

Reinforce SNS
-maintenance of arterial blood pressure
-increases blood glucose and blood fatty acids

105
Q

Process of epinephrine increasing blood glucose and blood fatty acids

A

-gluconeogenesis in liver
-glycogenolysis in liver and skeletal msucle
-inhibit insulin secretion
-inc glucagon secretion

106
Q

Stress

A

Nonspecific response of body to any factor that overwhelms homeostasis

107
Q

Stressor

A

Any noxious stimulus that brings about the stress response

108
Q

Physical stressors

A

Hold or cold trauma

109
Q

Chemical stressors

A

Reduced O2

110
Q

Physiological stressors

A

Exercise, pain

111
Q

infectious stressors

A

Bacterial

112
Q

Emotional stressors

A

Anxiety, sorrow

113
Q

social stressors

A

Lifestyle changes

114
Q

Stress response is coordinated by

A

Hypothalamus

115
Q

Generalized stress response

A

-SNS and epinephrine release
-activation of CRH-ACTH-cortisol
-inc blood glucose and fatty acids
-blood volume and bp

116
Q

CRH-ACTH-cortisol

A

Mobilizes energy stores and metabolic building blocks for use as needed
-inc blood glucose, amino acids, fatty acids

117
Q

Intermediary metabolism or fuel metabolism

A

Includes reaction involving the degradation, synthesis, and transformation of proteins, carbohydrates and fats

118
Q

Anabolism

A

Buildup of synthesis of larger organic Marco molecules from small organic subunits

119
Q

Catabolism

A

Breakdown or degradation of large, energy rich, organic molecules within cells

120
Q

Two levels of breakdown

A

-hydrolysis of large cellular molecules into smaller subunits

-oxidation of smaller subunits to yield energy for ATP production

121
Q

Insulin and glucagon

A

Most important hormones in regulating fuel metabolism

122
Q

B beta cells

A

Site of insulin synthesis and secretion

123
Q

Alpha cells

A

Produce glucagon

124
Q

Delta cells

A

Pancreatic site of somatostatin synthesis

125
Q

PP cells

A

Least common islet cells
-secrete pancreatic polypeptide

126
Q

Insulin is a ___ hormone

A

Anabolic

127
Q

Secretion of insulin is increased during

A

Absorptive state
-blood glucose concentration is a major stimulus

128
Q

Insulin promotes cellular uptake of

A

-glucose
-fatty acids
-amino acids

129
Q

Insulin action on glucose, fatty acids, amino acids

A

G—> glycogen

F—-> triglycerides

A—-> proteins

130
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

-most common endocrine disorder
-elevated blood glucose levels, glucose in urine

131
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

10%
Lack of insulin secretion

132
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

90%
-normal or even increased insulin secretion
-reduced sensitivity of insulins target cells

133
Q

Polyuria

A

-classic sign of diabetes mellitus
-large urine volume production due to osmolarity
-sweet urine

Physiology II (12 decks)

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