Chapter Twelve Aboriginal People: History

Question 1

When was the Royal Proclamation and what did it state?

Answer 1

1763. Aboriginals are autonomous, self-governing groups. They are deserving of their own land separate from colonial settlements.

Question 2

Who made the Royal Proclamation?

Answer 2

King George III

Question 3

When was the transfer of Aboriginal affairs and what did it entail?

Answer 3

1844. The Province of Canada assigned Department of Indian affairs superintendents who were all caucasian to supervise people living on the reserves.

Question 4

What is the goal of assimilation in relation to aboriginal people?

Answer 4

• Forcing aboriginals to learn English and convert to Christianity.
• Teaching them farming techniques, values, and customs.
• Eliminate the Aboriginal way of life.
• Dismantle reserves.
• Strip away Indian status.

Question 5

What is the Gradual Civilization Act and when did it happen?

Answer 5

It happened in 1857. It introduced enfranchisement, and later a compulsory enfranchisement law.

Question 6

What was enfranchisement?

Answer 6

When aboriginal people could give up their Indian status and land to obtain full citizenship in the British colony.

Question 7

What was the enfranchisement law and when was it created?

Answer 7

Created in 1869. Status women who married non-status men had their status stripped away. Children from that marriage were denied status.

Question 8

What was the British North American Act and when did it happen?

Answer 8

Created in 1867. This act was when the British government gave the federal government of Canada responsibility over Aboriginal people.

Question 9

What were the responsibilities of the federal government in terms of Aboriginal people?

Answer 9

People with Indian status and the reserves.

Question 10

What were the responsibilities of the provincial governments in terms of Aboriginal people?

Answer 10

People without Indian status.

Question 11

When was the first Indian Act passed?

Answer 11

1876.

Question 12

What did the Indian Act state?

Answer 12

They need to free the “red man” from a life of dependency, educate him, and move him into higher citizenship.

Question 13

What prime minister introduced Residential schools at the federal level of government and when?

Answer 13

John A. Macdonald in 1879

Question 14

What did residential schools teach children?

Answer 14

To be ashamed of their heritage and to reject everything “Indian.”

Question 15

What amendments were made to the Indian Act in 1951?

Answer 15

Bans on potlatches, powwows, and other traditional ceremonies were lifted.

Question 16

What is another name for the Indian Policy Statement?

Answer 16

The White Paper.

Question 17

When did the Indian policy statement happen and what was proposed?

Answer 17

1969. It was proposed that they abolish the Indian Act, abandon the label of status Indians, and give more control to aboriginal people over their lands.

Question 18

How did aboriginal people respond to the Indian policy statement?

Answer 18

They rejected the proposal. It was stated that the government might have been attempting to assimilate them again and strip them of their rights under the Indian Act.

Question 19

What are the five National Aboriginal Organizations?

Answer 19

Assembly of First Nations, Congress of Aboriginal Peoples, Native Women’s Association of Canada, Inuit Trapiriit Kanatami, and Metis National Council.

Question 20

When was the Constitution Act made and what did it do for aboriginal people?

Answer 20

1982. Reforms in aboriginal-government relations, amendments to the Indian Act, and reduced government power to arbitrarily cancel aboriginal land claims and treaties.

Question 21

How did colonial officials aid assimilation?

Answer 21

Systemically weakening band leadership, destroying trade patterns, and banning traditional practices.

Question 22

What is the Kelowna Accord?

Answer 22

An agreement that promised to guide a new Aboriginal-government relationship that lead to new economic, health, education, and housing initiatives. They pledged five billion dollars over five years.

Question 23

What initiated the Kelowna Accord?

Answer 23

Prime minister Paul Martin.

Question 24

What did the conservatives do to the Kelowna Accord?

Answer 24

They ended up only allocating one billion over four years.

Question 25

What did Bill C-45 lead to?

Answer 25

The Idle No More social movements.

Question 26

What were the Idle No More social movements?

Answer 26

A grassroots movement to empower Aboriginal people and educate people that involved rallies, blockades, and flash mobs.