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physics > Chapters 1-12 > Flashcards

Chapters 1-12 Flashcards

1
Q

Force

A

a push or a pull exerted on a body which tends to change the state of motion of the body
Force = mass x acceleration (F=ma)

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2
Q

Mass

A

a quantitative measure of inertia.

The resistance that a body of matter offers to a change in its speed or position upon the application of a force.

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3
Q

Weight

A

the force due to gravity acting on an object of mass

weight = mass x gravity (w=mg)

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4
Q

static equilibrium

A

a state of equilibrium in which the net external force and torque acting on a system is zero

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5
Q

gravity

A

the force that gravitation exerts upon a body, equal to the mass of the body times the local acceleration of gravity.

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6
Q

torque

A

the tendency of a force to produce rotation about an axis.

Torque is a measure of how much a force acting on an object causes that object to rotate.

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7
Q

acceleration

A

a vector quantity that is defined as the rate at which an object changes its velocity. An object is accelerating if it is changing its velocity.
acceleration = velocity/time (a=v/t)

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8
Q

displacement

A

distance and direction between the origin and ending point in a straight, linear path.

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9
Q

fulcrum

A

the point of support for a lever

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10
Q

velocity

A

rate of motion in a given direction.

velocity = displacement/time (v=x/t)

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11
Q

Friction

A

resistance to the sliding or moving of one surface on the other.

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12
Q

Coefficient

A

a number that is constant for a given substance, body, or process under certain specified conditions

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13
Q

Kinetic

A

of or relating to the motion of material bodies and the forces and energy associated therewith

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14
Q

Static

A

not active or moving; stationary.

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15
Q

Magnitude

A

size; extent; dimensions

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16
Q

Sine

A

sine = opposite/hypotenuse

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17
Q

Cosine

A

cosine = adjacent/hypotenuse

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18
Q

Tangent

A

tangent = opposite/adjacent

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19
Q

Work

A

work = force x distance (w=fd)

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20
Q

Energy

A

the capacity for doing work

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21
Q

Translational Motion

A

all parts of the body have the same velocity and acceleration.

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22
Q

Rotational Motion

A

the rate of change in the angle θ is the same for all parts of the body, but the velocity and acceleration along the body depend on the distance from the center of rotation.

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23
Q

Distance

A

the length of the path between its initial position and its final position.

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24
Q

ratio

A

the relationship in quantity, amount, or size between two or more things.

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25
Q

Projectile

A

a body projected by an external force and continuing in motion by its own inertia.

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26
Q

Range

A

the horizontal distance to which a projectile can be propelled.

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27
Q

Resistance

A

the opposition offered by one thing, force, etc., to another.

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28
Q

Proportional

A

(of two quantities) having the same or a constant ratio or relation.

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29
Q

Terminal Velocity

A

the constant speed that a freely falling object eventually reaches when the resistance of the medium through which it is falling prevents further acceleration.

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30
Q

Centripetal Force

A

the force, acting upon a body moving along a curved path, that is directed toward the center of curvature of the path and constrains the body to the path.

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31
Q

Radius

A

the distance from a center line or point to an axis of rotation.

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32
Q

Pendulum

A

a body so suspended from a fixed point as to move to and fro by the action of gravity and acquired momentum.

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33
Q

Harmonic Motion

A

repetitive movement back and forth through an equilibrium, or central, position, so that the maximum displacement on one side of this position is equal to the maximum displacement on the other side.

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34
Q

Frequency

A

the number of times the pendulum swings back and forth per second.
Cycles per second

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35
Q

Period

A

the time for completing one cycle of the motion.

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36
Q

Potential Energy

A

the ability of the body to do work because of its position or configuration.
mass x gravity x height

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37
Q

Oscillation

A

movement back and forth at a regular speed.

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38
Q

Pivot

A

a pin, point, or short shaft on the end of which something rests and turns, or upon and about which something rotates or oscillates.

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39
Q

Moment of Inertia

A

quantitative measure of the rotational inertia of a body—i.e., the opposition that the body exhibits to having its speed of rotation about an axis altered by the application of a torque (turning force).

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40
Q

Synchrony

A

simultaneous occurrence; synchronism.

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41
Q

Elasticity

A

the property of a body that tends to return the body to its original shape after the force is removed.

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42
Q

Compression

A

decrease in volume of any object or substance resulting from applied stress.

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43
Q

Stress

A

internal force per unit area acting on the material.

force/area

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44
Q

Longitudinal Strain

A

Change in the length to the original length of an object.

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45
Q

Hooke’s Law

A

law of elasticity
the force needed to extend or compress a spring by some distance is proportional to that distance.
F = Kx (Force = spring constant x length of extension/compression)
formula for stretching

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46
Q

Young’s Modulus

A

a measure of the ability of a material to withstand changes in length when under lengthwise tension or compression.
the larger the number, the stronger the material.
young’s modulus = stress/strain

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47
Q

Collision

A

the meeting of particles or of bodies in which each exerts a force upon the other, causing the exchange of energy or momentum.

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48
Q

Spring Constant

A

the force needed to stretch or press a spring, divided by the distance that the spring gets longer or shorter.
measures how stiff a spring is.

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49
Q

Deceleration

A

to decrease the velocity of.

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50
Q

Impulsive Force

A

a force that acts for a short duration of time on an object. An impulsive force is mainly generated in a collision that results in a change in velocity or momentum of the one or all objects involved in the collision.

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51
Q

Fluids

A

a substance, as a liquid or gas, that is capable of flowing and that changes its shape at a steady rate when acted upon by a force tending to change its shape.

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52
Q

Liquids

A

composed of molecules that move freely among themselves but do not tend to separate like those of gases; neither gaseous nor solid.

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53
Q

Gases

A

a substance possessing perfect molecular mobility and the property of indefinite expansion, as opposed to a solid or liquid.

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54
Q

Pressure

A

the force applied to a unit area.

P = force/area

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55
Q

Buoyancy

A

the power to float or rise in a fluid; relative lightness.

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56
Q

Surface Tension

A

the natural force existing in a liquid that holds its surface together.

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57
Q

Torr

A

a unit of pressure used in measuring partial vacuums, equal to 133.32 pascals.

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58
Q

Pascal (Pa)

A

a unit of pressure in the meter-kilogram-second system equivalent to one newton per square meter.

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59
Q

Pascal’s Principle

A

in an incompressible liquid, the increase in the pressure at any point is transmitted undiminished to all other points in the liquid.

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60
Q

Power

A

the amount of work done in 1 second.

power = work/time

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61
Q

Volume

A

the amount of space that an object or substance occupies.

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62
Q

Adhesion

A

the molecular force of attraction in the area of contact between unlike bodies that acts to hold them together.

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63
Q

Capillary Action

A

The movement of a liquid along the surface of a solid caused by the attraction of molecules of the liquid to the molecules of the solid.

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64
Q

Surfactant

A

molecules that lower surface tension of liquids.

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65
Q

Hydrophilic

A

having a strong affinity for water.

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66
Q

Hydrophobic

A

lacking affinity for water.

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67
Q

Solubilized

A

to make soluble or more soluble.

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68
Q

Propulsion

A

the action or process of propelling.

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69
Q

Taut

A

tightly drawn; tense; not slack.

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70
Q

Bernoulli’s equation

A

Bernoulli’s equation is a form of the conservation of energy principle.
in static fluids, pressure increases with depth.
The Bernoulli Equation can be considered to be a statement of the conservation of energy principle appropriate for flowing fluids. The qualitative behavior that is usually labeled with the term “Bernoulli effect” is the lowering of fluid pressure in regions where the flow velocity is increased.

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71
Q

Viscosity

A

the property of a fluid that resists the force tending to cause the fluid to flow.

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72
Q

Laminar Flow

A

type of fluid (gas or liquid) flow in which the fluid travels smoothly or in regular paths.

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73
Q

Poise

A

a centimeter-gram-second unit of viscosity.

74
Q

Poiseuille’s Law

A

the laminar flow rate of an incompressible fluid along a pipe is proportional to the fourth power of the pipe’s radius.
states that the flow (Q) of fluid is related to a number of factors: the viscosity (n) of the fluid, the pressure gradient across the tubing (P), and the length (L) and diameter(r) of the tubing.
the volume flowrate is given by the pressure difference divided by the viscous resistance.

75
Q

Turbulence

A

departure in a fluid from a smooth flow.

76
Q

Reynolds Number

A

a criterion of whether fluid (liquid or gas) flow is absolutely steady (streamlined, or laminar) or on the average steady with small unsteady fluctuations (turbulent). Whenever the Reynolds number is less than about 2,000, flow in a pipe is generally laminar, whereas, at values greater than 2,000, flow is usually turbulent.
best predictor for type of flow

77
Q

Bruit

A

any of several generally abnormal sounds heard on auscultation.

78
Q

Stenosis

A

a narrowing or stricture of a passage or vessel.

79
Q

Hertz

A 
# of cycles per second.
1 Hz = 1 cycle per second
25 Hz = 25 cycles per second
80
Q

Systolic Pressure

A

the force that blood exerts on the artery walls as the heart contracts to pump the blood to the peripheral organs and tissues.

81
Q

Diastolic Pressure

A

residual pressure exerted on the arteries as the heart relaxes between beats.

82
Q

Plaque

A

a flat, often raised, patch on the skin or other organ, as on the inner lining of arterial walls in atherosclerosis.

83
Q

Catecholamines

A

hormones made by your adrenal glands, which are located on top of your kidneys. Examples include dopamine; norepinephrine; and epinephrine (this used to be called adrenalin or adrenaline). Your adrenal glands send catecholamines into your blood when you’re physically or emotionally stressed.

84
Q

Ischemic Stroke

A

stroke caused by the narrowing or blockage of a blood vessel supplying the brain.

85
Q

Heat

A

energy that is transferred from one body to another as the result of a difference in temperature.

86
Q

Calorie

A

the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1C º (14.5 C º to 15.5 C º).

87
Q

Temperature

A

quantitative measure of hotness.

88
Q

Boltzmann Constant

A

the ratio of the universal gas constant to Avogadro’s number, equal to 1.3803 × 10−16 erg per degree C.
defines the relation between absolute temperature and the kinetic energy contained in each molecule of an ideal gas .
In general, the energy in a gas molecule is directly proportional to the absolute temperature. As the temperature increases, the kinetic energy per molecule increases. As a gas is heated, its molecules move more rapidly. This produces increased pressure if the gas is confined in a space of constant volume, or increased volume if the pressure remains constant.

89
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

in a closed container, the total number of particles N is fixed; therefore, if the temperature is kept unchanged, the product of pressure and volume is a constant.

90
Q

Specific Heat

A

the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of a substance by 1 degree.

91
Q

Latent Heat

A

energy absorbed or released by a substance during a change in its physical state (phase) that occurs without changing its temperature.
heat required to change the form (phase) of a substance.

92
Q

Emissivity

A

the ability of a surface to emit radiant energy compared to that of a black body at the same temperature and with the same area.

93
Q

Surfactant

A

molecules that lower surface tension of liquids.

94
Q

Cornea

A

the transparent anterior part of the external coat of the eye covering the iris and the pupil and continuous with the sclera.

95
Q

First Law of Thermodynamics

A

Energy is not created or destroyed but merely changes forms, going from potential to kinetic to thermal energy.
energy cannot be created or destroyed.
change in internal energy (U) = heat (Q) - work (w)

96
Q

Second Law of Thermodynamics

A

heat will always flow from a hotter area to a colder area.

Entropy will always increase overall

97
Q

Entropy

A

the degree of disorder or uncertainty in a system

98
Q

Metabolic Rate

A

metabolism per unit time especially as estimated by food consumption, energy released as heat, or oxygen used in metabolic processes.

99
Q

Kielbeger’s Scaling Law

A

the 3/4 -power law scaling of the metabolic rate with body mass.

100
Q

Eccrine Glands

A

regulates body temperature and is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system.

101
Q

Apocrine Glands

A

usually associated with hair follicles and continuously secrete a fatty sweat into the gland tubule.

102
Q

Critical Temperature (point)

A

the temperature of a substance in its critical state: the highest temperature at which it is possible to separate substances into two fluid phases (vapor and liquid).
max temperature and pressure where something can be a liquid

103
Q

Greenhouse Effect

A

On cloudy days, the thermal radiation emitted by the soil is reflected back, and the net outflow of heat from the soil is reduced.

104
Q

Greenhouse Gases

A

absorb infrared radiation and emit it back to the Earth’s surface increasing the temperature of the planet.

105
Q

Mean Free Path

A

average distance traveled between collisions of molecules

106
Q

Latent Heat of Fusion

A

amount of energy required to change 1 gram of solid to liquid

107
Q

Lever Class 1

A

Fulcrum is the center

seesaw

108
Q

Lever Class 2

A

Load is the center

wheelbarrow

109
Q

Lever Class 3

A

Force is the center

Tongs

110
Q

vector

A

distance and direction

111
Q

scalar

A

only distance

112
Q

speed

A

speed = distance/time

113
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

KE = 1/2mv^2

114
Q

SOH CAH TOA

A

SOH CAH TOA

115
Q

Momentum

A

object’s tendency to remain in motion.

mass x velocity

116
Q

Impulse

A

Change in momentum

force x time

117
Q

Stress

A

Force/area

118
Q

Strain

A

deformation/original shape

119
Q

power

A

power = work/time

measured in watts

120
Q

density

A

density - mass/volume

121
Q

pressure

A

pressure = force/area

122
Q

archimide’s principle

A

law of buoyancy
the upward buoyant force that is exerted on a body immersed in a fluid, whether fully or partially submerged, is equal to the weight of the fluid that the body displaces.
the buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.

123
Q

continuity principle/equation

A

mass flow rate (water volume) in a pipe is the same at every point.

124
Q

bernoulli’s principle

A

high flow rate = lower pressure on the walls of the pipe
states that
the speed of a fluid (air, in this case) determines
the amount of pressure that a fluid can exert.
an increase in the speed of a fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in static pressure or a decrease in the fluid’s potential energy.
points of higher fluid speed will have less pressure than points of slower fluid speed.

125
Q

ohm’s law

A

change in pressure = flow x resistance

126
Q

fluid flow

A

fluid flow (Q) = volume/time

127
Q

incompressible

A

density doesn’t change

128
Q

toricelli’s theorem

A

same velocity out of spot as Fg

the speed of fluid flowing from an orifice is the same as the height of fluid above the opening

129
Q

boyle’s law

A

pressure and volume are inversely related

130
Q

boyle’s law

A

pressure and volume are inversely related

the product of pressure and volume always remain constant

131
Q

gay-lussac’s law

A

temperature and pressure are directly related

132
Q

Kinetic Theory of Gas

A

average kinetic energy of each gas particle can be calculated.
describes ideal gases

133
Q

thermal energy

A

Kinetic energy of all the molecules in a system added together

134
Q

heat

A

amount of thermal energy that’s added or removed to a system.
measured in Calories or Joule

135
Q

thermodynamics

A

describes the transfer of energy

136
Q

internal energy

A

All Kinetic Energies and potential energy of the energy of all the molecules in a system

137
Q

bioenergetics

A

how living systems use free (usable) energy

138
Q

sound

A

mechanical longitudinal compressional waves

139
Q

mechanical wave

A

requires a medium for the movement of the wave to propagate

140
Q

compression

A

when molecules move towards each other

area with high pressure/density

141
Q

rarefaction

A

when molecules move away from each other in the wave

area with low pressure/density

142
Q

intensity of a wave

A 
power/area
changing the amplitude of a wave, changes its energy, and therefore, its intensity
proportional to wave's amplitude squared
loudness
decibels
143
Q

Pure Tone

A

A sound composed of only one frequency.

144
Q

Wavelength

A

1 complete compression and rarefaction

wavelength = velocity/frequency

145
Q

attenuation

A

a decrease in a property, as energy, per unit area of a wave or a beam of particles, occurring as the distance from the source increases as a result of absorption, scattering, spreading in three dimensions, etc.
the weakening of sound waves
higher frequencies weaken faster

146
Q

audible sound

A

20Hz-20,000Hz

147
Q

reflection

A

sound waves bouncing back from a medium

148
Q

refraction

A

change in direction of a sound as it crosses a boundary

occurs when the wave hits in an oblique angle and the propagation speed has to different in the mediums

149
Q

angle of incidence

A

the angle that a line (such as a ray of light) falling on a surface or interface makes with the normal drawn at the point of incidence.

150
Q

constructive interference

A

the interference of two or more waves of equal frequency and phase (same wavelength), resulting in their mutual reinforcement and producing a single amplitude greater than both of them.

151
Q

destructive interference

A

the interference of two waves of equal frequency and out of phase (compressions at different times), resulting in a smaller amplitude than both of them or cancellation.

152
Q

Standing Wave

A

a wave that appears still.
Happens when interference between two waves of the same frequency and magnitude (amplitude) traveling in opposite directions.
Has areas where there’s destructive interference where no movement is happening called nodes. Has areas with constructive interference where it moves the max amount called antinodes.
eg. guitar

153
Q

Resonant Frequency

A

specific frequencies where standing waves can exist

154
Q

Coherent Wave

A

the phase of the disturbances produced by the waves must be correlated in time and space.

155
Q

Diffraction

A

bending of waves as they move around an obstacle or through an opening.

156
Q

Specular Reflection

A

mirror-like reflection
when the wave reflects off a medium in a mirror-like angle.
highly angle dependent.
happens if the bumps on the surface are smaller than the wavelength.

157
Q

Non-specular Reflection

A

most waves don’t reflect in a perfect mirror-like reflection because the surface of the medium isn’t perfectly smooth, it’s bumpy. The wave scatters.
happens if the bumps on the surface are larger than the wavelength.

158
Q

Pinna

A

The auricle that’s the visible part of the ear that is outside the head.

159
Q

Tympanic Membrane

A

a thin membrane that closes externally the cavity of the middle ear and functions in the mechanical reception of sound waves and in their transmission to the site of sensory reception.

160
Q

Ossicles

A

three tiny bones that link the tympanic membrane with the oval window.
MIS

161
Q

Eustachian Tube

A

a canal extending from the middle ear to the pharynx; auditory canal.

162
Q

Cochlea

A

a hollow tube in the inner ear of higher vertebrates that is usually coiled like a snail shell and contains the sensory organ of hearing.

163
Q

Basilar Membrane

A

membrane that supports the organ of Corti in the ear and aids in translating sound vibrations into electrical signals.

164
Q

Helicotrema

A

An opening at the apex of the cochlea that connects the vestibular canal and the scala tympani.

165
Q

Pitch

A

frequency of the wave (Hz)

166
Q

Fundamental Frequency

A

one giant HALF standing wave in between boundaries; no nodes.
the first harmonic.
eg. plucking a guitar string and the whole length of the string vibrates once.

167
Q

Harmonic Frequency

A

integers of the fundamental frequency.
has multiple nodes .
at least one complete standing wave in between boundaries.
more than one frequency happening at the same time.

168
Q

Threshold of Hearing

A

the minimum sound level of a pure tone that an average human ear with normal hearing can hear

169
Q

Threshold of Pain

A

the loudest tolerable sound.

170
Q

Vocal Cords

A

2 bands of smooth muscle tissue found in the voice box (larynx). The vocal cords vibrate and air passes through the cords from the lungs to make the sound of your voice.

171
Q

Ultrasonic Waves

A

sound waves with frequencies higher than the upper audible limit of human hearing.

172
Q

Doppler Effect

A 
as a source of sound moves toward you, the pitch of the sound you hear increases and vice versa
an increase (or decrease) in the frequency of sound, light, or other waves as the source and observer move toward (or away from) each other. The effect causes the sudden change in pitch noticeable in a passing siren, as well as the redshift seen by astronomers.
173
Q

Ultrasonic Flow Meter

A

a type of flow meter that measures the velocity of a fluid with ultrasound to calculate volume flow

174
Q

Diathermy

A

electrically induced heat or the use of high-frequency electromagnetic currents as a form of physical therapy and in surgical procedures.

175
Q

longitudinal wave

A

the particles move parallel to the direction of the wave

176
Q

infrasound

A

sound below 20Hz

not audible to humans

177
Q

ultrasound

A

sound above 20,000 Hz

not audible to humans

178
Q

diagnostic ultrasound

A

2mHz-20mHz

179
Q

acoustic variables in sound

A

pressure
density
temperature
particle motion

180
Q

sinusoidal

A

A sine wave or sinusoid is a mathematical curve that describes a smooth periodic oscillation.
what you think of when you think of normal waves.

181
Q

velocity of sound wave

A

wavelength x frequency

physics (3 decks)

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