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Kinesiology > Chapters 1-3 > Flashcards

Chapters 1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

Kinesiology

A

The study of motion or human movement

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2
Q

Anatomic Kinesiology

A

study of human musculoskeletal system and musculotendinous system

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3
Q

Biomechanics

A

study of the mechanics as it relates to the functional and anatomical analysis of biological systems and especially in humans.
- study of biological phenomena using mechanical principles of physics and biology

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4
Q

Structural Kinesiology

A

study of muscles as they are involved in science of motion

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5
Q

How many muscles in human body?

A

600+

40-50% of body weight

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6
Q

Anatomical Position

A
  • most widely used
  • standing in upright position
  • facing straight ahead
  • feet parallel and close
  • palms facing forward
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7
Q

Fundamental position

A
  • standing in upright position
  • facing straight ahead
  • feet parallel and close
  • palms facing body
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8
Q

Mid-axillary Line

A

line running vertically down the surface of the body passing through apex of the axilla (armpit)

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9
Q

Anterior Axillary Line

A

line that is parallel to the mid axillary line and pass through the anterior axillary skinfold

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10
Q

Posterior Axillary Line

A

line that is parallel to the mid axillary line and passes through the posterior axillary skinfold.

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11
Q

Mid-clavicular line

A

line running vertically down the surface of the body passing through the midpoint of the clavicle

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12
Q

mid inguinal point

A

point midway between the anterior and superior iliac spine and the pubis symphysis

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13
Q

Anterior

A

front

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14
Q

anteroinferior

A

in front and below

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15
Q

anterosuperior

A

in front and above

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16
Q

anterolateral

A

in front and to the side; especially outside

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17
Q

anteromedial

A

in front and toward the inner side or midline

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18
Q

andteroposterior

A

relating to both front and rear

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19
Q

posterior

A

back

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20
Q

posteroinferior

A

behind and below

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21
Q

posterolateral

A

behind and to one side; especially outside

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22
Q

posteromedial

A

behind and to the inner side or midline

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23
Q

posterosuperior

A

behind and at the upper part

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24
Q

contralateral

A

pertaining to or relating to the opposite side

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25
Q

ipsilateral

A

same side

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26
Q

bilateral

A

right and left sides of the body; or of both right and left extremities

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27
Q

inferior

A

below; caudal

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28
Q

superior

A

above; higher; cephalic

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29
Q

inferolateral

A

below and to the outside

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30
Q

infoeromedial

A

below and toward midline/inside

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31
Q

superolateral

A

above and to the outside

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32
Q

superomedial

A

above and toward midline/inside

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33
Q

caudal

A

below; inferior

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34
Q

cephalic

A

above; superior; higher

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35
Q

deep

A

beneath/below surface;

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36
Q

superficial

A

near the surface

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37
Q

distal

A

situated away from the center/midline; away from the point of origin (insertion)

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38
Q

proximal

A

nearest to the trunk or point of origin

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39
Q

lateral

A

on or to the side; farther from midline

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40
Q

medial

A

middle/center; near to the midline

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41
Q

median

A

middle/center; near to the midline

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42
Q

dexter

A

right side

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43
Q

sinister

A

left side

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44
Q

prone

A

body lying face down; on stomach

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45
Q

supine

A

body lying face up; on back

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46
Q

dorsal

A

back; posterior

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47
Q

ventral

A

front; anterior; abdomen

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48
Q

palmar

A

palm or volar aspect of hand

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49
Q

volar

A

palm of hand or sole of foot

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50
Q

plantar

A

sole or underside of foot

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51
Q

anteversion

A

abnormal or excessive rotation FORWARD

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52
Q

retroversion

A

abnormal or excessive rotation BACKWARD

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53
Q

kyphosis

A

increased curving of the spine outward

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54
Q

lordosis

A

increased curving of spine inward

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55
Q

scoliosis

A

lateral curving of the spine “S”

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56
Q

recurvatum

A

bending backward; ex: hyper extension of knee

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57
Q

valgus

A

outward angle of distal segment of bone; ex: knock knees (knees together)

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58
Q

varus

A

inward angulation of the distal segment of bone; ex: bowlegged

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59
Q

Sagittal plane

A

cardinal plane; (anteroposterior) divides body into equal bilateral segments. right and left halves

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60
Q

Frontal plane

A

cardinal plane; (lateral or coronal) divides body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) halves

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61
Q

transverse plane

A

cardinal plane; (axial or horizontal) divides body into top (superior) and bottom (inferior) halves

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62
Q

Diagonal planes (3)

A

high, low, lower

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63
Q

High Diagnoal

A

upper limbs at shoulder joints, overhand skills (baseball pitch)

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64
Q

Low Diagonal

A

Upper limbs at shoulder joints, underhand skills (discus thrower)

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65
Q

Lower Diagonal

A

Lower limbs at hip joints, kickers/punters

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66
Q

Mediolateral Axis

A

(coronal, lateral or frontal) runs medial to lateral. commonly includes flexion and extension… sagittal plane

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67
Q

Anteroposterior axis

A

(sagittal) runs anterior to posterior. commonly includes adduction and abduction… frontal plane

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68
Q

vertical axis

A

(long, longitudinal) runs straight down (through head) commonly includes internal and external rotation

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69
Q

Daigonal axis

A

(oblique) runs at a right angle to the diagonal plane

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70
Q

Axial

A

cephalic (head) - cranium and face
cervical (neck)
trunk - thoracic, dorsal, abdominal and pelvic areas

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71
Q

appendicular

A

upper limbs - shoulder, arm, forearm, manual areas

lower limbs - thigh, leg, pedal areas

72
Q

of bones in adult skeleton

A

206
80 axial
126 appendicular

73
Q

skeletal functions

A
  • protection of organs
  • support (maintain posture)
  • movement - serves as points of attachment for muscles and acts as levers
  • mineral storage (like Ca and phosphorus)
  • hemopoiesis - process of blood cell formation in red bone marrow
74
Q

long bones

A

arm bones, leg bones, phalanges, metatarsals and metacarpals… composed of long cylindrical shaft with wide protruding ends; shaft contains medullary canal

75
Q

short bones

A

carpals, tarsals… small cubical shaped solid bones that usually have a porportionally large anticular surface in order to articulate with more than one bone

76
Q

flat bones

A

skull, scapula, ilium, ribs, sternum, clavicle… usually have a curved surface and vary from thick where tendons attach to thin

77
Q

irregular bones

A

bones in spine, ischium, pubis, maxilla and inner ear…

78
Q

sesamoid bones

A

patella… small bones embedded within tendon of a musculotendinous unit that provide protection and improve mechanical advantage of musculotendinous units

79
Q

diaphysis

A

long cylindrical shaft

80
Q

cortex

A

hard, dense compact bone forming walls of diaphysis

81
Q

periosteum

A

dense, fibrous membrane covering outer surface of diaphysis

82
Q

endostium

A

fibrous membrane that lines the inside of the cortex

83
Q

medullary cavity

A

between the walls of the diaphysis, containing yellow or fatty marrow

84
Q

epiphysis

A

ends of long bones formed from cancellous (spongy or trabecular) bone

85
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

(growth plate) thin cartilage plate separates diaphysis and epiphyses

86
Q

longitudinal growth

A

continues as long as epiphyseal plates are open… shortly after adolescence, plates disappear and close

87
Q

bone growth

A

most plates close by 18, some stay open until 25. growth in diameter continues throughout life

88
Q

osteoblasts

A

cells that form new bone

89
Q

osteoclasts

A

cells that resorb old bone

90
Q

bone composition

A

60-70% of bone weight = calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate
25-30% of bone weight = water
collagen provides flexibility and strength in resisting tension
aging causes loss of collagen

91
Q

cortical bone

A

low porosity 5-30%… nonmineralized tissue… stiffer and can withstand greater stress

92
Q

cancellous bone

A

spongy, high porosity, 30-90%… can withstand more strain before fracturing

93
Q

bone stress

A

from outside

94
Q

bone pressure

A

from inside

95
Q

bone size and shape

A

influence by the direction and magnitude of forces that are habitually applied to them. bones reshape themselves based upon the stresses placed upon them. bone mass increase over time with increased stress.

96
Q

articulation

A

connection of bones at a joint usually to allow movement between surfaces

97
Q

synarthrodial joint

A

immovable (like skull and gomphosis - teeth)

98
Q

amphiarthrodial joing

A

slightly movable - allow slight motion to occur

  • syndesmosis
  • symphysis
  • synchondrosis
99
Q

diarthrodial joint

A

(synovial) freely movable - composed of sleeve-like joint capsule, secretes synovial fluid to lubricate joint cavity

100
Q

syndesmosis

A

2 bones joined together by a strong ligament or an interosseus membrane that allows minimal movement between the bones

101
Q

symphysis

A

joint separated by a fibrocartilage pad that allows very slight movement between the bones
ex: pubis syphysis and intervertebral discs

102
Q

synchondrosis

A

type of joint separated by hyaline cartilage that allows very slight movement between the bones.
ex: joints of the ribs with the sternum

103
Q

planes of motion

A

motion in 1 plane = 1 degree of freedom
motion in 2 planes = 2 degrees of freedom
motion in 3 planes = 3 degrees of freedom

104
Q

6 types of diarthrodial joints

A
  1. arthrodial (gliding)
  2. ginglymus (hinge)
  3. trochoid (pivot)
  4. condyloid (ellipsoid)
  5. enarthrodial (ball and socket)
  6. sellar (saddle)
105
Q

arthrodial joints

A

gliding
2 plane or flat bony surfaces which butt against each other.
work together in series of articulations
ex: vertebral facets

106
Q

ginglymus joints

A

hinge - only in one plane
uniaxial articulation
articular surfaces allow motion

107
Q

trochoid joints

A

pivot

uniaxial articulation

108
Q

condyloid

A

(knuckle) biaxial ball and socket joint

109
Q

enarthrodial

A

multiaxial or triaxial ball and socket joint (hip, shoulder)

110
Q

sellar

A

saddle

unique triaxial joint (thumb)

111
Q

muscles provide

A
  • movement
  • protection
  • posture and support
  • produce major body heat
112
Q

muscles named due to

A
  • visual appearance
  • anatomical location
  • function
  • shape
  • size
  • number of divisions
  • direction of fibers
  • location
  • points of attachment
  • action
113
Q

greater cross section diamter =

A

greater force exertion

114
Q

parallel fiber arragement

A

arranged parallel
produce greater range of movement
categories: flat, fusiform, strap, radiate, sphincter/circular

115
Q

parallel fibers - flat

A

usually thin and broad, which allows them to spread their forces over a broad area.
ex: rectus abdominus & external oblique

116
Q

parallel - fusiform

A

spindle-shaped (skinny, wide, skinny) tendons on each end. allows them to focus power onto small bony targets.
ex: brachialis

117
Q

parallel - strap

A

more uniform in diameter, enables focusing of power onto small, bony targets
ex: sartorius

118
Q

parallel - radiate

A

sometimes described as triangular. combined arrangement of flat and fusiform (wide to skinny) tendon at one end.
ex: trapezius

119
Q

parallel - sphincter

A

technically: endless strap muscle
surround openings & function to close upon contraction
ex: obicularis oris surrounding mouth

120
Q

pennate fiber arrangement

A

shorter fibers, arranged obliquely to their tendons in a manner similar to a feather.
arrangement increases cross sectional area of the muscle, thereby increasing the power
unipennate
bipennate
multipennate

121
Q

pennate - unipennate

A

fibers run obliquely from a tendon on ONE side only

ex: biceps fimoris

122
Q

pennate - bipennate

A

fibers run obliquely on both sides from a central tendon
ex: rectus femoris
bipennate and unipennate produce the strongest contractions

123
Q

pennate - multipennate

A

have several tendons with fibers running diagonally between them
ex: deltoid

124
Q

muscle tissue properties

A
  • irritability or excitablity
  • contractability
  • extensibility
  • elasticity
125
Q

irritability or excitability

A

property of a muscle being sensitive or responsive to chemical, electrical or mechanical stimuli

126
Q

contractibility

A

ability of a muscle to contract and develop tension or internal force against resistance when stimulated

127
Q

extensibility

A

ability of a muscle to be passively stretched beyond normal resting length

128
Q

elasticity

A

ability of a muscle to return to its original length after being stretched

129
Q

intrinsic

A

pertaining to muscles within or belonging solely to one body part that they act upon.
ex: muscles found in hands and feet

130
Q

extrinsic

A

pertaining to muscles that arise or originate outside of (proximal to) body part they act upon
ex:forearm muscle that attach proximally on distal humerus and insert on fingers

131
Q

action

A

specific movement of joint resulting from CONCENTRIC contraction of muscle which crosses joint.
actions usually caused by a group working together

132
Q

amplitude

A

range of muscle fiber length between maximal and minimal lengthening

133
Q

gaster

A

belly or body. central, fleshy portion of muscle. contractile portion

134
Q

tendon

A

fibrous connective tissue. connects muscles to bones and other structures

135
Q

innervation

A

segment of nervous system defined as being responsible for providing a stimulus.
supplying of a muslce, organ or body part with nerves

136
Q

aponeurosis

A

serve as a fascia to bind muscles together, or connect muscle to bone

137
Q

fascia

A

sheet or band of fibrous connective tissue

envelopes, separates or binds body parts

138
Q

origin

A

proximal attachment of a muscle. part that attaches closest to midline or center of body.
LEAST movable part

139
Q

insertion

A

distal attachment of a muslce. part that attaches farthest from midline or center of body.
MOST movable part

140
Q

contraction

A

when tension is developed in a muscle as a result of stimulus. DOES NOT ALWAYS MEAN SHORTENING OCCURS.

141
Q

muscle contractions

A

ALL CONTRACTIONS ARE EITHER:
isometric OR
isotonic

142
Q

isometric

A

active tension developed in muscle, but joint angle does NOT change. static contractions.
preventing motion

143
Q

concentric

A

causing motion.
involve muscle developing active tension as it SHORTENS.
force developed by muscle is greater than that of the resistance.
accelerates movement, against gravity

144
Q

eccentric

A

controlling motion.
contractions involve the muscle LENGTHENING under active tension.
gradually lessons in tension to control descent of resistance… force developed by muscle is less than force of resistance
decelerates movement. negative contraction

145
Q

isotonic

A

contractions invovle muscle developing active tension to CAUSE or CONTROL joint movement
dynamic contractions
either: concentric or eccentric (depending if shortening or lengthening occurs)

146
Q

Movement may occur at ANY given joint without any muscle contraction whatsoever

A

passive…

solely due to external forces

147
Q

isokinetics

A

type of dynamic exercise using concentric and/or eccentric muscle contractions.

  • speed/velocity of movement is constant
  • contraction occurs throughout movement
    ex: biodex, cybex, lido
148
Q

agonist muscles

A

cause joint motion through a specified plane of motion when contracting concentrically.
PRIMARY MOVERS.
can be assisters.

149
Q

antagonist muscles

A

located on opposite side of joint from agonist.
contralateral muscles
relax and allow movement
ex: quads are antagonists to hamstrings in knee flexion

150
Q

stabilizers

A

surround joint or body part

known as fixators

151
Q

synergists

A

assist in action of agonists
not necessarily primary movers
assist in refined movement

152
Q

neutralizers

A

counteract or neutralize the action of another muscle to prevent undesirable movements such as inappropriate muscle substitutions

153
Q

force couples

A

occur when 2 or more forces are pulling in different directions

154
Q

palpation

A

feeling to examine superficial muscles

155
Q

electromyography (EMG)

A

electrodes placed onto or into muscles, detects action potentials of muscles and provides and electronic readout of contraction intensity and duration.
most accurate way

156
Q

proprioceptors

A

internal receptors located in skin, joints, muscles and tendons which provide feedback relative to tension, length, and contraction state of muscle, position of body and limbs, and movable joints

157
Q

kinesthesis

A

conscious awareness of position and movement of the body in space

158
Q

muscle spindles

A

concentrated primarily in muscle belly (gaster)
sensitive to stretch and rate of stretch
run parallel to muscle fibers
GASTER

159
Q

golgi tendon origin

A

found in the tendon close to the muscle-tendon junction.
sensitive to both muscle tension and active contraction.
less sensitive to stretch
TENDONS

160
Q

all or none principle

A

regardless of number, individual muscle fibers within a given motor unit will either fire and contract maximally or not at all

161
Q

latent period

A

brief period of a few milliseconds following stimulus

162
Q

contraction phase

A

muscle fiber begins shortening

lasts about 40 milliseconds

163
Q

relaxation phase

A

follows contraction phase

lasts about 50 milliseconds

164
Q

mechanics

A

study of physical actions of forces
static
dynamic

165
Q

statics

A

study of systems that are in a constant state of motion, whether at rest with NO motion or moving at a constant velocity.
body in equilibrium

166
Q

dynamics

A

study of systems in motion with acceleration

-a system in acceleration is unbalanced due to unequal forces acting on the body

167
Q

kinematics

A

description of motion and includes consideration of time, displacement, velocity, acceleration, and space factors

168
Q

kinetics

A

study of forces association with the motion of a body

169
Q

axis

A

point of rotation

170
Q

mechanical advantage

A

load divided by effort.
ideally using a relatively small force (effort) to move a much greater resistance
resistance/force

171
Q

lever

A

rigid bar that turns about an axis of rotation or a fulcrum

172
Q

1st class lever

A

FAR or RAF

173
Q

2nd class lever

A

ARF or FRA

174
Q

3rd class lever

A

AFR or RFA

most common in human body

175
Q

torque

A

turning effect of an eccentric force

176
Q

eccentric FORCE

A

force applied off center or in a direction not in line with the center of rotation of an object with a fixed axis
for rotation to occur, eccentric force must be applied
NOT THE SAME AS ECCENTRIC CONTRACTIONS
T = Fxr
r = force arm

177
Q

resistance arm

A

distance between the axis and point of resistance application

Kinesiology (3 decks)

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