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World History > Chapters 1-3 Vocab > Flashcards

Chapters 1-3 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Civilization

A

An ambiguous term often used to denote more complex societies but sometimes used by anthropologists to describe any group of people sharing a set of cultural traits
Cities as administrative centers
A political system based on control of a defined territory rather than kinship connections
Many people engaged in specialized, non-food-producing activities
Status distinctions based largely on accumulation of substantial wealth by some groups
Monumental building
Long-distance trade
Major advances in science and the arts

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2
Q

Culture

A

Socially transmitted patterns of action and expression

Includes arts, beliefs, material culture, knowledge, and technology

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3
Q

Material culture

A

Physical objects such as dwellings, clothing, tools, and crafts

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4
Q

History

A

The study of past events and changes in the development, transmission, and transformation of cultural practices

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5
Q

Stone Age

A

The historical period characterized by the production of tools from stone and other nonmetallic substances. It was followed in some places by the Bronze Age and more generally by the Iron Age

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6
Q

Paleolithic

A

The period of the stone age associated with the evolution of humans, predates the Neolithic age

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7
Q

Neolithic

A

The period of the Stone Age associated with the ancient Agricultural Revolution

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8
Q

Foragers

A

People who support themselves by hunting wild animals and gathering wild edible plants and insects

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9
Q

Agricultural Revolution

A

The change from food gathers to food production that occurred between 8000 and 2000 BC. Also known as the Neolithic Revolution

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10
Q

Pastoralists

A

Way of life dependent on large herds of large and small animals

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11
Q

Megaliths

A

Structures and complexes of very large stones constructed for ceremonial and religious purposes in Neolithic Times

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12
Q

Metallurgy

A

Copper and Lead
Bronze
Iron

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13
Q

Sumerians

A

The people who dominated southern Mesopotamia through the end of the third millennia BC
They were responsible for the creation of many fundamental elements of culture, such as irrigation technology, cuneiform, and religious conceptions, taken over by their Semitic successors

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14
Q

Semitic

A

Family of related long spoken languages across parts of western Asia and northern Africa
In antiquity these languages included Hebrew, Aramaic, and Phoenician
The most widespread modern member of the Semitic family is Arabic

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15
Q

City-State

A

A small independent state consisting of an urban center and the surrounding agricultural territory
A characteristic form in early Mesopotamia, Archaic and Classical Greece, Phoenicia, and early Italy

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16
Q

Babylon

A

The largest and most important city in Mesopotamia
It achieved particular eminence as the capital of the Amorite king Hammurabi in 1800 BC and the Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar in 600 BC

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17
Q

Hammurabi

A

Amorite ruler of Babylon
Conquered many cities in southern Mesopotamia and is best known for a code of laws inscribed on a black stone pillar, illustrating the principles that should be used in legal cases

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18
Q

Scribe

A

A professional position reserved for men who had undergone the lengthy training required to be able to read and write cuneiform, hieroglyphics, and other early, cumbersome writing systems

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19
Q

Ziggurat

A

A massive pyramidal stepped tower made of mud bricks

Associated with religious complexes in ancient Mesopotamian cities, but its function is unknown

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20
Q

Amulet

A

Small charm meant to protect the bearer from evil
Found frequently in Archeological excavations in Mesopotamia and Egypt
Reflect the religious practices of the common people

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21
Q

Cuneiform

A

A system of writing in which wedge-shaped symbols represented words or syllables
Originated in Mesopotamia and was used initially for Sumerian and Akkadian but later was adapted to represent other languages of western Asia
Literacy was confined to a relatively small group of administrators and scribes

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22
Q

Bronze

A

An alloy if copper and tin
Harder and more durable than copper alone
Bronze Age- when bronze was the primary metal for tools and weapons
Demand for bronze created long distance trade routes

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23
Q

Pharaoh

A

The central figure the ancient Egyptian state
Believed to be an earthly manifestation of the gods
Used absolute power to maintain the safety and prosperity of Egypt

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24
Q

Ma’at

A

Concept of divinely created and maintained order in the universe
Reflects belief in essentially beneficent world
Divine ruler was the earthly guarantor of this

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25
Q

Pyramid

A

A large, triangular stone monument
Used in Egypt and Nubia as a burial place for kings
The largest were erected during the Old Kingdom near Memphis
Built with stone tools and compulsory labor
Reflect the Egyptian belief that the proper and spectacular burial of the divine ruler while guarantee the continued prosperity of the land

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26
Q

Memphis

A

Capital of the Old Kingdom of Egypt
Near the Nile Delta
Early rulers were interred in nearby pyramids

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27
Q

Thebes

A

Capital city of Middle and New Kingdoms
Amon, the patron deity, became one if the chief gods of Egypt
Monarchs were buried across the river in the Vally of the Kings

28
Q

Hieroglyphics

A

A system of writing in which pictorial symbols represented sounds syllables, or concepts
Used for official and monumental inscriptions in ancient Egypt
Confined to a relatively small group of scribes and administrators
Cursive symbol forms were developed for rapid composition on other media, such as papyrus

29
Q

Mummy

A

A body preserved by chemical processes or special natural circumstances
In the belief that the deceased would need it again in the afterlife
Only people who could afford complex process had: Organs removed, body cavities filled, dehydrated in natron, wrapped in linen, enclosed in sarcophagus

30
Q

Harappa

A

Site of one of the great cities of the Indus Valley civilization
Located on the northwest frontier of the zone of cultivation
Center for the acquisition of raw materials from Afghanistan and Iran

31
Q

Mohenjo Daro

A

Largest of the cities of the Indus Valley
Centrally located
Little is known about political institutions
Large scale of production
Orderly grid of streets
Standardized building material
Evidence of central planning

32
Q

Loess

A

A fine, light silt deposited by winds and water

Constitutes the fertile soil of the Yellow River Valley in northern China

33
Q

Shang

A

The dominant people in the earliest Chinese dynasty for which there are written records

34
Q

Zhou

A

Took over from the Shang
Established the mandate of heaven
Early period was one of prosperity and benevolent rule

35
Q

Confucius

A

Chinese philosopher
Doctrine of duty and public service had a great influence on subsequent Chinese thought and served as a code of conduct for government officials

36
Q

Daoism

A

Chinese school of thought
Originating in the warring states period with Loazi
Offered an alternative to confucian emphasis on hierarchy and duty
Yin and Yang
Withdrawal from empty formalities and hierarchies

37
Q

Yin/ Yang

A

Complimentary factors that help to maintain equilibrium of the world
Yang: masculine,sun, active, shining
Yin: feminine, passive, moon, shaded

38
Q

Legalism

A

Belief that people are inherently bad and governments should be harsh and merciless
Compelling obedience is necessary for the prosperity of the state

39
Q

Kush

A

Egyptian name for Nubia
Area alongside the Nile south of Egypt
Indigenous kingdom with its own distinct institutions cultural traditions

40
Q

Meroe

A

Capital of a flourishing kingdom in southern Nubia from 400 BC to 400 AD
Nubian culture shows more independence from Egypt
Shows influence from Sub Saharan Africa

41
Q

Celts

A

Peoples sharing common linguistic and cultural features

Originated in Central Europe

42
Q

Druids

A

Class of religious experts who conducted rituals and preserved sacred lore among some ancient Celtic peoples

43
Q

Olmec

A

The first Mesoamerican civilization
Created a vibrant civilization that included intensive agriculture, wide ranging trade, ceremonial centers, monumental construction

44
Q

Chavin

A

The first major urban civilization of South America

45
Q

Llama

A

Only domesticated beast of burden in the Americas

46
Q

Iron Age

A

Historians term for the period during which iron was the primary metal of tools and weapons

47
Q

Hittites

A 
From central Anatolia 
Established and empire in the late bronze age
Military power based on chariots
Controlled parts of Mesopotamia
Fell around 1200
48
Q

Hatshepsut

A

Queen of Egypt
Dispatched a naval expedition to Punt
Evidence of opposition to a female ruler
After her death her name and image were frequently defaced

49
Q

Akhenaten

A

Pharaoh
Built a new capital in Amarna
Fostered a new style of naturalistic art
Created a religious revolution by worshipping the sundisk Aten

50
Q

Ramesses 2

A

Long lived ruler of New Kingdom
Reached accommodation with the Hittites
Built on a grand scale throughout Egypt

51
Q

Minoan

A

Prosperous civilization on the isle of Crete
Engaged in far flung commerce
Powerful cultural influence in early Greeks

52
Q

Mycenaean

A

Mainland Greece
Took culture from Minoans
First Greek culture

53
Q

Mycenae

A

Site of fortified palace complex
In southern Greece
Late bronze age kingdom
Base of Agamemnon

54
Q

Shaft graves

A

Burial sites of elite members of Mycenaean Greece
At the bottom of deep shafts lined with stone slabs bodies were laid out alongside gold and bronze jewelry, implements,weapons,and masks

55
Q

Linear B

A

Syllabic symbols derived from the Minoan system from Crete
Used in Mycenaean palaces in late bronze age
Early form of Greek
Used primarily for palace records
Provide substantial information about economic organization

56
Q

Assyrian Empire

A

From Iran to Syria/ Palestine
Conquered Mesopotamia from 900 to 600 BC
Used force and terror to rule
Exploited wealth and labor of subjects
Preserved cultural and scientific development of earlier Mesopotamia

57
Q

Mass deportation

A

Forcible removal and relocation of large numbers of people or entire populations
Meant as a terrifying warning for the consequences of rebellion
Brought skilled and unskilled labor to the imperial capital

58
Q

Library of Ashurbanipal

A

Large collection of writings drawn from the ancient literature, religious, and scientific traditions of Mesopotamia
Assyrian

59
Q

Israel

A

Land between the Mediterranean and the Jordan River

Occupied by the Hebrews

60
Q

Hebrew Bible

A

A collection of sacred books
Contains origins, experiences, beliefs, and practices of the Israelites
Compiled by priests and reflects their views

61
Q

First Temple

A

Monumental sanctuary built in Jerusalem by King Solomon

Religious center for Yahweh

62
Q

Monotheism

A

Belief in the existence of a single divine entity

Hebrews developed into the exclusive worship of Yahweh

63
Q

Phoenicians

A 
Semitic speaking Caanites living on the Mediterranean coast
Formed in city states like Tyre
Ruing class of merchants and sailors
Explored the Mediterranean 
Engaged in widespread commerce
Founded Carthage and other colonies
64
Q

Carthage

A 
Located in modern day Tunisia
Founded by Phoenicians
Major commercial center and naval power
No army
Defeated by Rome
65
Q

Neo Babylonian kingdom

A

Under the Chaldeans
Overthrew Assyrians with the Medes
Babylon becomes major political and cultural center
Nebuchadnezzar build hanging gardens

66
Q

Menes

A

pharaoh who unifies Egypt for the first time

World History (3 decks)

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