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Psychology 101 > Chapters 1-4 > Flashcards

Chapters 1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

Psychology- prior to 1879

A

*physiology & philosophy asked questions about mind and body
*is the mind and body connected?
is knowledge innate?

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2
Q

Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)

A
  • campaigned for separate discipline
  • 1st laboratory of psych research (1879) @ Univ. of Leizpeg
  • 1st psych journal
  • psych should be a science
  • primary focus should be consciousness
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3
Q

G. Stanley Hall (1846-1924)

A
  • Johns Hopkins Univ.
  • Man of 3 firsts
  • 1st American psych lab (1883)
  • 1st American psych journal
  • established APA
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4
Q

Structuralism

A
  • Edward Titchner
  • analyze consciousness into basic (structural) elements
  • elements of consciousness
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5
Q

Introspection

A

Careful, systematic observations of one’s own conscious experience

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6
Q

Edward Titchner

A

Structuralism

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7
Q

William James

A

Functionalism

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8
Q

Functionalism

A
  • William James
  • role of consciousness
  • evaluate the purpose & function of consciousness
  • natural selection
  • humans chose their own behaviors
  • “stream of consciousness”
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9
Q

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

A
  • founded psychoanalytic school of thought
  • Freudian slip
  • emphasis on unconscious processes influencing behavior
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10
Q

Hysteria

A
  • physical symptoms with no verifiable cause

* underwent spontaneous hypnosis

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11
Q

Freud’s Ideas

A
  • unconscious conflict related to sexuality plays a central role in behavior
  • emphasis on unconscious determinants questioned free will
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12
Q

John B. Watson (1878-1958)

abandoned the study of unconsciousness

A
  • Behaviorism
  • should only focus on the study of behavior
  • behavior consists of observable responses
  • NURTURE
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13
Q

Pavlov

A

Classical Conditioning (s to r)

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14
Q

Nurture

A

Behaviorist school of thought emphasized the environment

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15
Q

B. F. Skinner (1904-1990)

A
  • environment factors determined behavior
  • *Operant Conditioning
  • Book about behavior being governed by external stimuli
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16
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

*responses that lead to a positive outcome are repeated

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17
Q

Humanism

A
  • behaviorism and psychoanalytic theories were de-humanizing
  • emphasizes the unique qualities of humans
  • behavior governed by individuals’ sense of self (self-concept)
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18
Q 
Carl Rogers (1902-1987) 
*HUMANISM
A
  • client centered therapy
  • client directs therapy
  • understanding of self= growth
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19
Q 
Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)
*HUMANISM
A

Hierarchy of Needs

  1. food and water
  2. safety needs
  3. family needs
  4. achievement, esteem needs
  5. self-actualization
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20
Q

Cognition

A
  • mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge

* unobservable mental processes

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21
Q

Goals of Science

A
  1. Measurement & Description (what are we measuring and how?)
  2. Understanding & Prediction (generate hypotheses (supported, not proven))
  3. Application & Control (apply our findings to the real world)
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22
Q

Empiricism

A

*knowledge should be acquired through observation and measurement

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23
Q

Operational

A

*Clarify precisely what is meant by each variable

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24
Q

Scientific Method

A

*a system to reduce bias & error

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25
Q

Theory

A
  • a coherent network of explanatory ideas (an overarching theory)
  • inductive logic
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26
Q

Hypothesis

A
  • specific predictions derived from a theory

* deductive logic

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27
Q

Independent Variable

A

*variable set or manipulated

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28
Q

Dependent Variable

A

*variable affected by manipulation

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29
Q

Experimental group (Experimental Design)

A

*receives experimental treatment

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30
Q

Experiment

A
  • manipulating one variable under controlled conditions so that resulting changes in another variable can be observed
  • CAUSE-EFFECT relationships
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31
Q

Control group (Experimental Design)

A

*receives placebo or normal treatment

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32
Q

Placebo

A

*no effects

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33
Q

Within-Subjects Design (Experimental Design)

A

*all subjects are exposed to all treatment conditions

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34
Q

Main Effects (Experimental Design)

A

*observed changes in dependent variable and are solely accounted for by variations in one independent variable

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35
Q

Interaction Effect (Experimental Design)

A

*observed changes in dependent variable and are accounted for by 2 or more independent variables

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36
Q

Random Sampling

A

*population has an equal chance of being selected

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37
Q

Stratified Sampling

A

*individuals are chosen from each category of given “level” to produce equal representation

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38
Q

Descriptive Correlational Design

A
  • looking for relationships (not cause and effect)
  • allows researchers to describe patterns of behavior and discover links or associations b/w variables
  • third variable: increase in ice cream intake and increase in murders are related
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39
Q

Positive Correlations

A

*trend in same direction

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40
Q

Negative Correlations

A

*trend in opposite direction

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41
Q

Quantitative vs. Qualitative

A

*using statistical or numerical data to compute results
vs.
*analyzing language, behaviors or images w/o the aid of stats to compute results

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42
Q

Survey

A

*questionnaires or interviews to gather info

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43
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

*careful, prolonged observation of behavior w/o intervening directly w/ the subjects

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44
Q

Case Study

A
  • an in-depth investigation of an individual subject

* Freud did these

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45
Q

Confounds

A

*factors other than the i.v. that may cause a result

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46
Q

Validity

A

*the ability of a test to measure what it was designed to

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47
Q

Reliability

A
  • the consistency of your measurement

* not necessarily useful or valid

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48
Q

Self-Report

A
  • risk of subjective

* reporting by a participant

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49
Q

Social Desirability Bias

A

*giving what you believe to be the desired response

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50
Q

Experimenter Bias

A

*experimenter’s expectations influence results

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51
Q

Ethics

A

*guides moral principles to safeguard the rights & dignities of oneself or others

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52
Q

Deception

A

*don’t have to tell what’s being studied

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53
Q

Coercion

A

*can’t be forced to participate

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54
Q

Descriptive stats

A

*organizes & summarizes data

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55
Q

Inferential stats

A

*used to draw conclusions as a whole

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56
Q

CNS

A

*brain and spinal cord

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57
Q

PNS

A

*everything else

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58
Q

Nervous System

A

*a complex communication network that receives, integrates, & transmits informational signals

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59
Q

Glia Cells

A

*support neurons by supplying them w/ nutrients and waste removing material

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60
Q

Neurons

A

*receive, integrate, and transmit info

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61
Q

Soma

A

*cell body

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62
Q

Dendrites

A

*receive info

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63
Q

Axon

A

*transmits signals to end of neuron

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64
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

*insulates some axons and speeds up signal

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65
Q

Terminal Buttons

A

*knobs at the end of axon which secrete neurotransmitters

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66
Q

Synapses

A

*gap b/w terminal buttons and dendrites

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67
Q

Neural Impulse

A
  • electrical and chemical transmission of info from 1 neuron to another
  • voltage changes from Hyperpolarized (-70mv) to Depolarized (+40mv)
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68
Q

Ions

A

*produce the neural impulse

69
Q

Neural Impulse Pathway

A

Stimulus (-70mv) —> Na+ channels open —> K+ channels open —> Na+ channels close (+30mv) —> K+ channels close and Na+ channels reset

70
Q

Resting vs. Action Potential

A

Resting- stable, neg charge in an inactive neuron

Action- a brief shift in electrical charge that travels along the axon

71
Q

Postsynaptic Potential

A

*a voltage change at receptor site on a postsynaptic cell membrane

72
Q

Absolute and Relative Refractory Period

A

Absolute- neuron can’t fire (Na+ pumps close)

Relative- dip below (-70mv), harder for neuron to fire

73
Q

All-or-None Law

A

*action potential is fired completely if a certain voltage threshold is met (no partial firing)

74
Q

Presynaptic Neuron

A

*releases signal

75
Q

Postsynaptic Neuron

A

*receives signal

76
Q

Synaptic Vesicles

A

*protect neurotransmitters stored in terminal button

77
Q

ACH (Acetylcholine)

A
  • contributes to attention, arousal, and memory

* only neurotransmitter b/w motor neurons and voluntary muscles

78
Q

Monoamines

A
  1. Dopamine
  2. Serotonin
  3. Norepinephrine
79
Q

Dopamine

A
  • controls voluntary movement, helps with focus

* pleasure/reward system

80
Q

Serotonin

A
  • sleep, wakefulness, food craving, and pain control
  • an inhibitory neurotransmitter
  • used to balance excitatory N.T.’s
81
Q

Norepinephrine

A
  • attention and responding actions

* FIGHT or FLIGHT

82
Q

Agonist vs. Antagonist

A

Agonist- chemicals that mimic actions of N.T.’s

Antagonist- stop action of neurotransmitter

83
Q

Lobes

A
  • parietal
  • temporal
  • occipital
  • frontal
84
Q

Parietal Lobe

A
  • sense of touch

* primary somatosensory cortex

85
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

*visual

86
Q

Frontal Lobe

A
  • muscle movement (primary motor cortex)

* prefrontal cortex

87
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

*auditory processing

88
Q

The Hindbrain

A
  • vital functions

* cerebellum, medulla, and pons

89
Q

Cerebellum

A

*coordination, equilibrium, and balance

90
Q

Medulla

A

*breathing & heartbeat, muscle tone

91
Q

Pons

A
  • sleep & arousal

* bridge b/w stem and cerebellum

92
Q

The Midbrain

A
  • sensory functions
  • origin of dopamine-releasing axons involved in voluntary movement & reward processes
  • degeneration
93
Q

The Forebrain

A
  • emotion, and complex thought

* thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, cerebrum, Broca’s area, and Wernicke’s area

94
Q

Thalamus

A

*filters/organizes sensory info

95
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • basic biological drives

* food, fight, flight, & fornication

96
Q

Limbic System

A

*emotion, memory & motivation

97
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • complex mental activity (folds)
  • divided by corpus callosum
  • frontal, occipital, parietal, and temporal lobes
98
Q

Broca’s Area

A

*production of speech (frontal)

99
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

*comprehension of language

100
Q

Plasticity of the Brain

A
  • can reorganize neural pathways after damage
  • can alter structure w/ experience
  • create new neurons-neurogenesis
  • critical periods
101
Q

Nerves

A

*bundles of neuron fibers (axons)

102
Q

Somatic NS

A
  • includes nerves that connect to voluntary muscle & sensory receptors
    1. afferent nerve fibers
    2. efferent nerve fibers
103
Q

Afferent Pathways

A

*carry sensory nerve info into CNS

104
Q

Efferent Pathways

A
  • carry info from CNS to muscles

* responsible for muscle contraction

105
Q

Autonomic NS

A
  • controls automatic & involuntary functions
    1. parasympathetic
    2. sympathetic
106
Q

Parasympathetic

A

*rest & digest

107
Q

Sympathetic

A

*fight or flight

108
Q

EEG (electroencephalograph)

A

*monitors electrical activity of the brain over time via electrodes on scalp

109
Q

CT (computerized technology)

A
  • x-ray of brain structure

* least expensive

110
Q

PET Scan (positron emission topography)

A
  • maps brain structure & function

* radioactively tagged chemicals mark blood blow & metabolic activity of brain

111
Q

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

A
  • uses magnetic fields & radio waves to map out brain structure
  • 3D images
112
Q

fMRI (functional MRI)

A
  • studies function & structure

* monitors blood flow & oxygen consumption

113
Q

Sensation vs. Perception

A

sensation- stimulation of some organs

perception- selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory input

114
Q

Absolute Threshold

A
  • the minimum stimulus intensity that an organism can detect

* when that stimulus is detectable 50% of the time

115
Q

Just Noticeable Difference

A

*the smallest difference in intensity that you can detect

116
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A
  • sensory & decision-making processes

* depends on amount of noise in the system

117
Q

Inattentional Blindness

A
  • without focus/attention, stimulus is not perceived

* priming affects (primed to look at white t-shirts)

118
Q

Subliminal

A

*below the threshold

119
Q

Subliminal Perception

A

*registering sensory input w/o conscious awareness

120
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

*a gradual decline in sensitivity to prolonged stimulation (block our background noise)

121
Q

Sensory Pathways

A

*senses besides smell

122
Q

Light Stimulus

A

*electromagnetic radiation that travels as a wave

123
Q

Amplitude

A

*brightness

124
Q

Wavelength

A

*hue/color

125
Q

Purity

A

*saturation

126
Q

Cornea

A

*where light enters

127
Q

Lens

A

*focuses light on retina

128
Q

Pupil

A

*regulates the amount of light

129
Q

Optic Nerve

A

*fibers that connect the eye to the brain

130
Q

Retina

A

*absorbs light, processes images, and transmits them to the brain via the optic nerve

131
Q

Photoreceptor Cells

A

*rods and cones

132
Q

Rods vs. Cones

A

Rods- black & white (low-light)

Cones- color (daylight vision)

133
Q

Optic Chasm

A

*the point at which the optic nerve from each eye cross over to opposite sides of the brain

134
Q

Additive vs. Subtractive Mixing

A

Additive- puts more light into the picture

Subtractive- removes wavelengths

135
Q

Theories of Color Vision

A

*trichromatic theory & opponent process theory

136
Q

Trichromatic Theory

A

*3 types of receptors that are sensitive to red, green, & blue

137
Q

Opponent Process Theory

A
  • receptors make opposite responses to 3 pairs of colors
  • red/green
  • yellow/blue
  • black/white
138
Q

Depth Perception

A
  • where objects are located in space

* binocular cues (depends on both eyes)

139
Q

Monocular Cues

A
  • based on 1 eye’s perspective

* motion parallax & pictorial depth cues

140
Q

Motion Parallax

A

*closer objects move faster

141
Q

Pictorial Depth Cues

A
  • evidence of distance
  • linear
  • interposition
  • texture gradient
  • relative size
  • height in a plane
142
Q

Feature Detection Theory

A
  • detect specific elements & assemble them into more complex forms
  • bottom-up processing
  • top-down processing
143
Q

Bottom-Up Processing

A

*taking data & making a pic

144
Q

Top-Down Processing

A

*taking whole & breaking down

145
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A
  • we perceive whole objects, rather than isolated pieces of sensory info
  • similarity, proximity, continuity, closure, and figured/foreground
146
Q

Phi Phenomena

A

*the illusion of movement created by presenting visual stimuli in rapid succession

147
Q

Sound

A

*vibrations of molecules passing through a medium (air)

148
Q

Amplitude (sound)

A

*loudness

149
Q

Wavelength (sound)

A

*pitch

150
Q

Clarity (sound)

A

*timbre

151
Q

Perceptual Set

A

*readiness to perceive a stimulus in a particular way

152
Q

External Ear

A
  • vibration of air molecules

* pinna: sound collecting cone

153
Q

Middle Ear

A
  • vibration of movable bones (ossicles)

* hammer, anvil, & stirrup

154
Q

Inner Ear

A
  • movement of fluid
  • cochlea
  • basil membrane
155
Q

Cochlea

A

*converts mechanical vibrations into waves in fluid & membranes and transduces them into neural impulses

156
Q

Basil Membrane

A

*neural tissue that divides the cochlea

157
Q

Place Theory

A

*pitch= vibration of different places along the basil membrane

158
Q

Frequency Theory

A

*pitch= the rate at which the entire basilar membrane vibrates

159
Q

Traveling Wave Theory

A

*hairs vibrate together and peak at a particular place on the basilar membrane depending on frequency

160
Q

Human Echolocation

A

*ability to detect objects in their environment by sensing echoes from those objects

161
Q

Inferior Colliculus (Sound Processing)

A

*midbrain, sound integration

162
Q

Medial Geniculate Nucleus (Sound Processing)

A

*thalamus

163
Q

Primary Auditory Cortex

A

*temporal lobe

164
Q

Taste Stimuli

A

*soluble chemical substances

165
Q

Primary Tastes

A
  1. sweet
  2. sour
  3. bitter
  4. salty
  5. umami (savory)
166
Q

Taste Preference

A

*largely learned & influenced by social processes

167
Q

Taste Aversion

A

*may develop evolutionarily, or in response to pairing food w/ an illness

168
Q

Taste Sensitivity

A
  • genetic
  • non-tasters: 1/4 amount of taste bud as super-tasters
  • super-tasters: more women

Psychology 101 (1 decks)

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