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GEOGRAPHY 1290 A02 > Chapters 1-4 > Flashcards

Chapters 1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

The scope of modern geography can best be described as

A

Integrative

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2
Q

All geographers, regardless of their specialization employ the method known as

A

Spatial analysis

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3
Q

What two specializations does geography have

A

Human geography and physical geography

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4
Q

Physical geographers often invoke _____ in their studies because it is a holistic framework through which they can analyze and/or describe a group of variables that work together to produce the same result

A

Systems theory

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5
Q

A closed system is

A

One in which energy is both an input and output, but matter is NOT exchanged with the surroundings

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6
Q

Which of Earth’s four spheres is composed of critical components essential to life?

A

Hydrosphere and atmosphere

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7
Q

What is the uppermost solid part of the Earth system known as

A

Lithosphere

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8
Q

The _____ is one of the four spheres that encompasses all of Earth’s water resources

A

Hydrosphere

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9
Q

The _____ is one of the four spheres that is the solid part of the Earth, including soil and minerals.

A

Lithosphere

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10
Q

The ____ is one of the Earth’s four spheres that contains critical components essential to life, including oxygen, carbon, water and nitrogen?

A

Atmosphere

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11
Q

Which is the first step in the scientific method?

A

Collection of data/observations

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12
Q

A 10-year-long drought, resulting in a decrease in the quantity of water flowing in streams and rivers of a region, is an example of _____

A

A cause-and-effect relationship

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13
Q

A Significant contributor to global climate change is believed to be the increasing amount of _____

A

Atmospheric Carbon dioxide

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14
Q

What are the direct impacts of deforestation

A

Soil erosion, loss of wildlife, species extinction

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15
Q

What has contributed to farmland loss globally?

A

Building of residential housing, conversion to economic zones, overuse of fertilizers and pesticides

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16
Q

What region of Canada has the greatest potential for earthquakes?

A

West coast

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17
Q

What does physical geography focus on?

A

Spatial analysis, human activities that impact Earth’s spheres, natural processes

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18
Q

The monitoring Process for Canada’s fresh water resources is strongly influenced by the needs of local populations for ______

A

Power, drinking water and flood information

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19
Q

What are some of the elements of geographical literacy?

A

Identification of countries in the world, location of distinct world physical regions, visual cues to interpret physical patterns

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20
Q

Geographers use this network of North-south intersecting great circles and east-west parallel small circles to create a grid on the Earths surface which is known as a _____ system

A

Graticule

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21
Q

What is used to describe the half of the Earth that lies North of the Equator?

A

Northern hemisphere

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22
Q

The parallels of latitude that lie between about 23 degrees North and 23 degrees South are known as the _____

A

Low latitudes

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23
Q

The line of latitude located at 23.5 degrees south is also known as the

A

Tropic of Capricorn

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24
Q

As far as degrees are concerned, degrees of latitude are _____ km apart from each other, regardless of location.

A

111 Km

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25
Q

_______, A latitudinal range between 35 - 55° in both hemispheres, experiences seasonal weather with warm/hot summers and cool/cold winters

A

Midlatitudes

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26
Q

The distance between meridians is greatest at the _____ but decreases steadily until converging at the ______

A

Equator; Poles

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27
Q

The reference meridian for longitude is the _______ which passes through Greenwich, England, at the Old Royal Observatory.

A

Prime Meridian

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28
Q

What are the proper conventions for providing latitude and longitude coordinates?

A

35.50° N, 83.00° W

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29
Q

How would you describe the following location: 38.9167°N, 77.00°W

A

West of the Prime Meridian, in the Northern Hemisphere, north of the equator

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30
Q

_____ projections balance the distortion between size and shape

A

Compromise

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31
Q

________ represent data By using different colours or intensity of shading of predetermined areas (such as provinces, countries, census tracts, or electoral districts).

A

Choropleth maps

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32
Q

______ connect points of equal amounts of precipitation

A

Isohyets

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33
Q

What are the rules to topography maps?

A

1.The closer the spacing of contour lines, the steeper the slope. Contours that have wide spacing represents terrain that is relatively flat 2. Contours that form closed circles indicate hills, closed circles with hatch marks indicate closed depressions 3. Where contours cross a stream, they form V’s pointing upstream (uphill) 4. Contours never touch/cross because each contour line represents a specific value at every point on the line

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34
Q

A(n) _____ projection is a map that maintains correct angular relationships of features on Earth.

A

Conformal projection

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35
Q

A map with the scale of 1:24,000 is _____

A

A distance of 1cm on the map is equal to a distance of 240m on the Earth’s actual surface

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36
Q

Map scale represents the ratio of the ____ on a map to the ____ on the ground

A

Size/distance; size/distance

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37
Q

_____ has the advantage Of being accurate even when original maps are produced a different scales

A

Bar scales

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38
Q

Satellites that have geostationary orbits are designed to

A

Rotate at the same speed and direction that the Earth rotates

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39
Q

A satellite with a sun-synchronous orbit is usually at an altitude of about

A

700-800 km

40
Q

A satellite with a 15-m spatial resolution means that the satellite can discern objects that are at least _____ in size

A

15m x 15m

41
Q

_____ relies on systems that send a beam of wave energy toward the earth - this beam is then partially reflected back to the sensor, which can make measurements about the amount of energy emitted

A

Active remote sensing

42
Q

What tool is used by geographers employs the process of trilateration?

A

GPS

43
Q

The GPS system is based on a network of ____ satellites that orbit Earth every _____ hours

A

24; 12

44
Q

In Geographic Information Systems (GIS) ______ includes information linked to map elements, that does not appear on a map

A

Attribute data

45
Q

All great circles _____

A

Divide the Earth into equal halves, converge at the North and South poles

46
Q

What is remote sensing?

A

An aerial photograph taken by a plane flying over the Earth’s surface, an image taken from a satellite orbiting Earth, a topographic map made from elevation measurements taken on the ground using GPS

47
Q

GIS is an extremely powerful geographical tool used in a variety of ways including ____

A

Environmental management, municipal planning, business needs

48
Q

Most distant stars are moving away at faster speeds than stars that are closer to the Earth as a result of ___________

A

The Big Bang Theory

49
Q

What characterizes Earth’s shape?

A

It is NOT a perfect sphere

50
Q

It takes exactly _______ days for the Earth to make one full revolution around the Sun

A

365.24

51
Q

The point where Earth is closest to the Sun, approximately _____ million km away, is called _____

A

147, perihelion

52
Q

What latitude would generally receive the largest amount of incoming solar energy at the surface?

A

0° latitude

53
Q

What is the circle of illumination?

A

It separates the part of the Earth that is experiencing daylight from the part that is experiencing night

54
Q

Each of the 24 time zones covers about ____ of longitude

A

15 °

55
Q

The beginning and end of each calendar day is the ____, which is located at _____ longitude

A

International Date Line, 180 °

56
Q

In Canada, the province of ____ is on Central Standard Time in the winter and does NOT observe daylight savings time in the summer

A

Saskatchewan

57
Q

The Earth’s axis of rotation is tilted ____ from a line perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic

A

23.5 °

58
Q

The Tropic of Cancer is located at ______

A

23.5 ° North

59
Q

Between June 21 and December 21, the subsolar point migrates of ____ degrees of latitude in total

A

47°

60
Q

At noon on ________ the Sun is at its lowest angle on the horizon in the Northern Hemisphere

A

December 21

61
Q

The length of the day varies between the solstices and equinoxes because ______

A

Migration of the subsolar point

62
Q

Solar noon is the time when _______

A

The sun is at the highest point in the sky on a given day

63
Q

The purpose of a celestial dome is to _______

A

Map the position of the Sun in the sky at a given latitude on a given day

64
Q

As the season changes from summer to fall in the Northern Hemisphere the position of the noontime sun migrates ______ as the subsolar point moves towards the _____ and the angle of incidence _______.

A

South; Equator; Decreases

65
Q

What is true about subsolar point? (Sun directly overhead)

A

The sun at this location is 90 °, it’s physical location changes throughout the year, the Sun’s rays are perpendicular to the surface

66
Q

The shortest wavelength of visible light occurs at about _____ nanometers and is _____ in colour.

A

375; Violet

67
Q

Which type of radiation has the longest wavelength?

A

Thermal infrared

68
Q

Hot objects emit more radiation than cooler objects

A

True

69
Q

The greatest amount of energy that the Earth receives from the Sun is referred to as the _____, which has a value of about _____ (W/m2) at the top of the atmosphere.

A

Solar constant; 1367

70
Q

In our atmosphere, _____ and _____ are the primary constant gases and together make up 99 percent of its total content.

A

Nitrogen; Oxygen

71
Q

What is an example of a variable atmospheric gas?

A

Water vapour

72
Q

The process through which the lower part of the atmospheric is warmed because long wave radiation from Earth is trapped by Carbon Dioxide and other greenhouse gases

A

Greenhouse effect

73
Q

Counterradiation is

A

Longwave radiation that is emitted from the atmosphere DOWNWARD

74
Q

Ozone primarily occurs in two layers in the atmosphere: at the Earth’s surface and within the ____, between approximately ____ km above the Earth’s surface

A

Stratosphere; 15 to 30 km

75
Q

The ozone layer appears to be thinning because

A

Human industrial activity has resulted in the release of atmospheric gases that attack 03 molecules

76
Q

Particulates are important in the atmosphere because they

A

Serve as condensation nuclei for precipitation

77
Q

It is a form of radiation that flows from Sun to the Earth

A

Insolation

78
Q

Which form of heat transfer involves the diffusion of energy molecules by contact?

A

Conduction

79
Q

Which form of heat transfer is most important for atmospheric circulation and precipitation?

A

Convection

80
Q

Of all the incoming radiation that reaches Earth, about ____ percent flows uninterrupted to the surface as _____ radiation

A

25%; Direct Radiation

81
Q

What represents a method of heat transfer

A

Evaporation

82
Q

The sky is often red at sunrise and sunset because

A

Visible light of shorter wavelengths is scattered out entirely before they reach your eye

83
Q

The reflectivity of features on the Earth’s surface or in the atmosphere

A

Albedo

84
Q

Heat stored in molecular bonds that cannot be measured

A

Latent heat

85
Q

Latent heat involves

A

The conversion of radiant energy into a “hidden” form through evaporation

86
Q

What surface has the highest albedo?

A

Snow

87
Q

The angle of incidence influences incoming solar radiation by

A

Determining the surface area of radiation received

88
Q

Net radiation is the difference between

A

The amount of radiation received by the Earth compared to the amount of radiation that escapes the Earth

89
Q

High latitudes have a net deficit in

A

Global radiation budget

90
Q

At what latitude does the Earth experience two peaks in a daily insolation over the course of a year?

A

Equator

91
Q

In December, the latitudinal position of the subsolar point on the Earth’s surface is _____.

A

The Tropic of Capricorn

92
Q

The best place in Canada for solar energy production is _____, where bright sunny days are the most prevalent

A

The Canadian Prairie Region (Ontario)

93
Q

True statements about the radiation emitted from the Earth?

A

It is originally derived from the Sun, it is mainly thermal infrared radiation, it is less than that emitted by the Sun

94
Q

True statements about the ozone hole

A

It occurs seasonally over Antarctica, it occurs in the stratosphere, it can form in the Arctic

95
Q

True statements about particulates

A

They are involved in the formation of precipitation, they comprise less than 1% of the atmosphere, they are BOTH solid and liquid forms

96
Q

True statements about reflected radiation

A

It is about 3% of incoming radiation, it depends on the albedo of an object, it does NOT provide heat to the Earth

97
Q

True statements about methods represent ways through which humans attempt to harness solar energy for practical purposes

A

Building systems that create electricity from sunlight, building windows that absorb passive solar energy, building on south-facing slopes to maximize winter sun

GEOGRAPHY 1290 A02 (1 decks)

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