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physics > Chapters 13-15 > Flashcards

Chapters 13-15 Flashcards

1
Q

amplifier

A

an electronic device for increasing the amplitude of electrical signals, used chiefly in sound reproduction.

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2
Q

oscilloscope

A

a device that gives a visual graph of amplitude versus time of a measured signal, as voltage or current.

a device for viewing oscillations, as of electrical voltage or current, by a display on the screen of a cathode ray tube.

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3
Q

electrodes

A

a conductor through which electricity enters or leaves an object, substance, or region.

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4
Q

P wave

A

produced by the electrical activity that results in the contraction of the atria.

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5
Q

QRS complex

A

produced by the action potential associated with the contraction of the ventricles.

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6
Q

T wave

A

caused by currents that bring about the recovery of the ventricle for the next cycle.

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7
Q

Ohm’s Law

A

the law that for any circuit the electric current is directly proportional to the voltage and is inversely proportional to the resistance.
voltage = current x resistance

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8
Q

Defibrillator

A

an electronic device that applies an electric shock to restore the rhythm of a fibrillating heart.

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9
Q

Hormones

A

chemical messengers which diffuse through the body and control various metabolic functions.

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10
Q

Pupil

A

the dark circular opening in the center of the iris of the eye.

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11
Q

Feedback system

A

a self-regulatory biological system, as in the synthesis of some hormones, in which the output or response affects the input, either positively or negatively.

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12
Q

Negative feedback

A

the diminution or counteraction of an effect by its own influence on the process giving rise to it, as when a high level of a particular hormone in the blood may inhibit further secretion of that hormone.

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13
Q

Positive feedback

A

the enhancement or amplification of an effect by its own influence on the process that gives rise to it.

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14
Q

Optics

A

the scientific study of sight and the behavior of light, or the properties of transmission and deflection of other forms of radiation.

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15
Q

Quanta

A

any of the very small parcels into which many forms of energy are subdivided.

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16
Q

Photons

A

also called light quantum, a particle representing a quantum of light or other electromagnetic radiation. A photon carries energy proportional to the radiation frequency but has zero rest mass.

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17
Q

Cornea

A

the transparent part of the eye that covers the front portion of the eye. The cornea’s main function is to refract, or bend, light.

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18
Q

Retina

A

The retina is a thin layer of tissue that lines the back of the eye on the inside. The purpose of the retina is to receive light that the lens has focused, convert the light into neural signals, and send these signals on to the brain for visual recognition.

consists of photoreceptor cells in contact with a complex network of neurons and nerve fibers which are connected to the brain via the optic nerve.

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19
Q

aqueous humor

A

the clear fluid filling the space in the front of the eyeball between the lens and the cornea.

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20
Q

vitreous humor

A

is a transparent, colorless, gelatinous mass that fills the space in the eye between the lens and the retina.

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21
Q

accommodation

A

the automatic adjustment of the eye for seeing at different distances effected chiefly by changes in the convexity of the crystalline lens.

22
Q

Near point of the eye

A

the near point is the closest point at which an object can be placed and still form a focused image on the retina, within the eye’s accommodation range. A normal eye is considered to have a near point at 25 cm (9.8 in).

23
Q

Presbyopia

A

farsightedness caused by loss of elasticity of the lens of the eye, occurring typically in middle and old age.

24
Q

Aperture

A

an opening, usually circular, that limits the quantity of light that can enter an optical instrument.

25
Q

Depth of field

A

In cameras, it’s the distance between the nearest and the farthest objects that are in acceptably sharp focus in an image.

26
Q

Diopter

A

a unit of refractive power that is equal to the reciprocal of the focal length (in meters) of a given lens.

27
Q

Reduced eye

A

A simplified design of the ocular optical system, represented as having a single refracting surface and a uniform index of refraction; a model based on this concept is used in retinoscopy and ophthalmoscopy.

28
Q

Cones

A

are responsible for the visual acuity of the human eye (the ability of the eye to resolve and to pick up the minor details on an object) and for distinguishing colours. They are concentrated in the small central part of the retina known as the fovea centralis

29
Q

Rods

A

are responsible for peripheral vision, and are located outside of the central part of the retina. There are some 120 million of them, and they are responsible for night vision, because they are highly sensitive to low-intensity light. Because they are not able to distinguish colours, they produce achromatic vision.

30
Q

Fovea

A

a small depression in the retina of the eye where visual acuity is highest. The center of the field of vision is focused in this region, where retinal cones are particularly concentrated.

31
Q

Myopia

A

a condition of the eye in which parallel rays are focused in front of the retina, objects being seen distinctly only when near to the eye; nearsightedness.

eye is too long.
person can see something clearly if it is nearby; blurry vision of things far away;

32
Q

Hyperopia

A

a condition of the eye in which parallel rays are focused behind the retina, distant objects being seen more distinctly than near ones; farsightedness.

eye is too short.
person can see something clearly far away; blurry vision of things up close;

33
Q

Astigmatism

A

an irregularly shaped cornea or lens that prevents light from focusing properly on the retina, the light-sensitive surface at the back of the eye.

a refractive error of the eye in which parallel rays of light from an external source do not converge on a single focal point on the retina.

34
Q

Far point of the eye

A

the point farthest from the eye at which an object is clearly focused on the retina when accommodation of the eye is completely relaxed.

35
Q

Objective Lens

A

the lens closest to the slide or object you are viewing. The purpose of the objective lens is to gather light and enhance magnification.

36
Q

Confocal Microscope

A

a light microscope with an optical system designed to reject background from matter outside the focal plane and therefore allowing images of different sections of a specimen to be obtained.

37
Q

Fiberscopes

A

an optical instrument consisting of a fiber bundle with an objective lens at one end and an eyepiece at the other, for viewing objects not accessible to direct viewing.

38
Q

Endoscopes

A

a slender, tubular optical instrument used as a viewing system for examining an inner part of the body and, with an attached instrument, for biopsy or surgery.

39
Q

Electromagnetic wave

A

wave that can travel through empty space & matter; changing of electric and magnetic fields.

vibration of electrically charged particle; makes electric field vibrate, making a vibrating magnetic field

40
Q

Electric field

A

surrounds a charged object N-S

41
Q

Magnetic field

A

surrounds all magnets; attracts objects to it

42
Q

Radiation

A

transfer of Energy as electromagnetic waves

43
Q

Law of reflection

A

incidence equals reflection
Regular reflection: light beams reflected at the same angle (shinier)
Diffuse reflection: light beams reflect at different angles (duller)

44
Q

Absorption

A

transfer of light waves to particles of matter

air particles absorb some of the light Energy… ray becomes dimmer farther out

45
Q

Scattering

A

an interaction of light with matter that causes light to change its Energy, direction of motion, or both

46
Q

Lens

A

transparent object that refracts light to form an image

Convex lens: center bulges out
Concave lens: center buckles in

47
Q

Transmission

A

passing of light through matter

1. transparent: clear
2. translucent: slightly cloudy
3. opaque: light cannot pass through
48
Q

Prism

A

clear piece of glass or water that refracts white light into the whole color spectrum

–refracts light twice, breaking up the spectrum

49
Q

Color

A

the color we see is determined by which wavelength is bounced back to our eye
Black: all colors are absorbed
White: all colors are reflected to you

50
Q

Pigment

A

material that gives a substance color by absorbing some & reflecting others (chlorophyll, melanin, paint)

physics (3 decks)

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