Chapters 16-17

Question 1

Spectral Lines

Answer 1

A spectral line is a dark or bright line in an otherwise uniform and continuous spectrum, resulting from emission or absorption of light in a narrow frequency range, compared with the nearby frequencies.
Spectral lines are often used to identify atoms and molecules.

Question 2

Energy Level

Answer 2

Energy levels (also called electron shells) are fixed distances from the nucleus of an atom where electrons may be found.

A quantum mechanical system or particle that is bound—that is, confined spatially—can only take on certain discrete values of energy, called energy levels.

Question 3

Ground State

Answer 3

in which the total energy of the electrons can not be lowered by transferring one or more electrons to different orbitals.

That is, in a ground-state atom, all electrons are in the lowest possible energy levels

Question 4

Excited State

Answer 4

in which the total energy of the electrons can be lowered by transferring one or more electrons to different orbitals. That is, in an excited-state atom not all electrons are in the lowest possible energy levels.

Question 5

Absorption Spectrum

Answer 5

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Question 6

X-rays

Answer 6

an electromagnetic wave of high energy and very short wavelength, which is able to pass through many materials opaque to light and can ionize gases.

a photographic or digital image of the internal composition of something, especially a part of the body, produced by X-rays being passed through it and being absorbed to different degrees by different materials.

Question 7

Spectrometer

Answer 7

is a scientific instrument used to separate and measure spectral components of a physical phenomenon.

A spectrometer is typically used to measure wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation (light) that has interacted with a sample.

Question 8

crystallography

Answer 8

the science dealing with crystallization and the forms and structure of crystals.

Question 9

tomography

Answer 9

imaging by sections or sectioning through the use of any kind of penetrating wave.

Question 10

Spontaneous emission

Answer 10

If an atom is in an excited state, it may spontaneously decay into a lower energy level after some time, releasing energy in the form of a photon, which is emitted in a random direction

Question 11

stimulated emission

Answer 11

the process by which an incoming photon of a specific frequency can interact with an excited atomic electron (or other excited molecular state), causing it to drop to a lower energy level.

Question 12

Inverted Population Distribution of Atoms

Answer 12

a population inversion occurs while a system (such as a group of atoms or molecules) exists in a state in which more members of the system are in higher, excited states than in lower, unexcited energy states.

the redistribution of atomic energy levels that takes place in a system so that laser action can occur.

Question 13

laser

Answer 13

a device that generates an intense beam of coherent monochromatic light (or other electromagnetic radiation) by stimulated emission of photons from excited atoms or molecules.

Question 14

coherent light

Answer 14

a beam of photons (almost like particles of light waves) that have the same frequency and are all at the same frequency. Only a beam of laser light will not spread and diffuse. In lasers, waves are identical and in phase, which produces a beam of coherent light.

Question 15

monochromatic

Answer 15

of a single wavelength or frequency

consisting of radiation of a single wavelength or of a very small range of wavelengths.

Question 16

LASIK

Answer 16

laser in-situ keratomileusis

a laser surgical procedure that reshapes the cornea with the aim of correcting focusing problems associated with myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism.

Question 17

Optical Coherence Tomography

Answer 17

is a non-invasive imaging test. OCT uses light waves to take cross-section pictures of your retina.

performs high-resolution, cross-sectional tomographic imaging of the internal microstructure in materials and biologic systems by measuring backscattered or back reflected light.

Question 18

scanning probe microscopes

Answer 18

Any of a number of devices capable of producing images of individual atoms and molecules on surfaces of materials.

Question 19

Atomic force microscopy

Answer 19

is arguably the most versatile and powerful microscopy technology for studying samples at nanoscale

it also provides various types of surface measurements

Question 20

Isotopes

Answer 20

atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons.

Question 21

radioactivity

Answer 21

the emission of ionizing radiation or particles caused by the spontaneous disintegration of atomic nuclei.

Question 22

decay rate

Answer 22

radioactive decay is a property of several naturally occurring elements as well as of artificially produced isotopes of the elements. The rate at which a radioactive element decays is expressed in terms of its half-life (which is exponential).

Question 23

MRI

Answer 23

technique that utilizes the magnetic properties of the nucleus to provide images of internal body organs with detailed information about soft-tissue structure.

Question 24

NMR

Answer 24

is a physical phenomenon in which nuclei in a strong constant magnetic field are perturbed by a weak oscillating magnetic field (in the near field[1]) and respond by producing an electromagnetic signal with a frequency characteristic of the magnetic field at the nucleus.

Question 25

Gyromatic Ratio

Answer 25

of a particle or system is the ratio of its magnetic moment to its angular momentum, and it is often denoted by the symbol γ, gamma.
a property of a given nucleus.

Question 26

Larmor Frequency

Answer 26

the rate of precession of the magnetic moment of the proton around the external magnetic field.
the precession of charged particles, as electrons, placed in a magnetic field, the frequency of the precession (Larmor frequency) being equal to the electronic charge times the strength of the magnetic field divided by 4π times the mass.

Question 27

Precess

Answer 27

the slow movement of the axis of a spinning body around another axis due to a torque (such as gravitational influence) acting to change the direction of the first axis. It is seen in the circle slowly traced out by the pole of a spinning gyroscope.

Question 28

In Vivo

Answer 28

when research or work is done with or within an entire, living organism

Question 29

pasteurization

Answer 29

partial sterilization of a substance and especially a liquid (such as milk) at a temperature and for a period of exposure that destroys objectionable organisms without major chemical alteration of the substance.

Question 30

food irradiation

Answer 30

(the application of ionizing radiation to food) is a technology that improves the safety and extends the shelf life of foods by reducing or eliminating microorganisms and insects.

Question 31

isotopic tracers

Answer 31

any radioactive atom detectable in a material in a chemical, biological, or physical system and used to mark that material for study, to observe its progress through the system, or to determine its distribution.

Question 32

nanostructures

Answer 32

material configurations in the size range of 1-100 nanometers.
a structure, especially a semiconductor device, that has dimensions of only a few nanometers.

Question 33

nanoparticles

Answer 33

a particle of matter that is between 1 and 100 nanometres (nm) in diameter.

Question 34

nanotechnology

Answer 34

the construction, manipulation, and utilization of nanosized materials (e.g. atoms) of controlled composition and shape.

Question 35

plasmon resonance

Answer 35

in a nanometer size range, the motion of electrons is more tightly coupled and their oscillating motion is constrained by the size of the particle. The absorption-emission properties of the particle are dominated by the resonance frequencies of the electron cloud. This collective resonance motion of the electron cloud is called plasmon resonance.

Question 36

biosensor

Answer 36

an analytical device, used for the detection of a chemical substance (e.g. biomolecule), that combines a biological component with a physicochemical detector.
a device that monitors and transmits information about a life process.

Question 37

nanoparticle cancer therapy

Answer 37

Nanotechnology offers the means to target chemotherapies directly and selectively to cancerous cells and neoplasms, guide in surgical resection of tumors, and enhance the therapeutic efficacy of radiation-based and other current treatment modalities.

Question 38

chemotherapy

Answer 38

the treatment of disease by the use of chemical substances, especially the treatment of cancer by cytotoxic and other drugs.

Question 39

nanosilver

Answer 39

has been widely studied and utilized because of its strong antibacterial properties; silver nanoparticles.