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Psych 1 (General Psych) > Chapters 2 & 4 > Flashcards

Chapters 2 & 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What ‘Perspective’ does Chapter 2 examine?

What are the keywords?

A

The ‘Biopsychological Perspective’ (Nature).

The keywords are ‘Biology of the Body and Genetics’ influence behavior.

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2
Q

What is a Predisposition Hypothesis?

A

genetic inheritance (Nature) may influence us to behave in particular ways, especially in response to environmental stimuli (Nurture).

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3
Q

A common triggering agent to either the onset of a behavioral disorder or an increase in its severity is _________.

A

Stress

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4
Q

How many neurons are in the body?

A

1 trillion

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5
Q

According to the text, what is the ‘Distinctive Feature’ of a Neuron?

A

“to communicate with other cells and transmit information across relatively long distances”.

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6
Q

Neurotransmission involves both ____________ and ____________

A

an electrical and a chemical process.

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7
Q

Explain what happens when an electrical nerve impulse reaches an ‘Axon’s Terminal Button’.

A

it carries messages destined for other neurons.

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8
Q

Describe the ‘Neural Communication Process’.

A

an electrical charge that travels down the axon causing a chemical release of neurotransmitter molecules which float across the synapse to their receptor sites to a receiving neuron’s dendrite.

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9
Q

What occurs when a ‘Neurotransmitter’ reaches its ‘Receptor Site’?

A

it delivers an excitatory or inhibitory message

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10
Q

Define Reuptake

A

The reabsorption of neurotransmitters by a terminal button

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11
Q

How does an ‘SSRI’ antidepressant drug work?

A

neurotransmitters remain active for a longer period at certain synapses in the brain, which reduces the symptoms of depression

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12
Q

SSRI stands for what?

A

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors

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13
Q

One neuron can potentially connect to how many other neurons?

A

80,000

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14
Q

When under threat, what branch of the Autonomic Nervous System becomes activated evoking a ‘Fight’ or ‘Flight’ behavioral response?

A

The Sympathetic Branch

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15
Q

Which branch of the Autonomic Nervous System helps to restore equilibrium to the body?

A

The Parasympathetic Branch

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16
Q

The letters ‘EEG’ stand for what?

A

electroencephalogram

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17
Q

An ‘EEG’ is used to

measure what?

A

electrical activity in the brain.

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18
Q

What are some examples of Circadian Rhythms?

A

sleeping, waking, body temperature, and blood pressure.

They occur regularly on a 24 hour cycle

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19
Q

What causes ‘Epilepsy’?

A

abnormal or irregular electrical brain activity.

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20
Q

Where are the brain’s ’Pleasure Centers’ located?

A

They’re located in the limbic system.

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21
Q

Is ‘Neuroplasticity’ limited to early childhood, or can it occur throughout life (though to a lesser extent)?

A

It can occur throughout life, but to a lesser extent.

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22
Q

The term ‘Tolerance’ refers to what?

A

Individuals get accustomed to drugs causing them to take larger qualities to produce the same effects as before.

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23
Q

What are some of the benefits of ‘Meditation’?

A

it reduces anxiety, calms the mind, and decreases both blood pressure and heart rate.

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24
Q

What is the insulator called that surrounds a neuron’s axon?

What disease is connected to it’s deterioration?

A

The ‘Insulator’ is called a myelin sheath.

Multiple Sclerosis is the disease that is connected to its deterioration.

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25
Q

What problems with ‘Neurotransmitters’ cause behavioral disorders?

A

A “deficiency or an excess of a neurotransmitter can cause behavioral disorders”.

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26
Q

Describe the effects on behavior from a deficiency, and an excess of ‘Dopamine’.

A

Deficiency of Dopamine = Parkinson’s Disease

Excess of Dopamine = Schitzophrenia

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27
Q

Describe the effects on behavior from a deficiency in ‘Serotonin’.

A

Deficiency of Serotonin = Depression

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28
Q

What are ‘Endorphins’? What is their effect on the body?

A

Endorphins help to deal with pain and to elevate mood. It’s similar to the pain killing drug ‘Morphine’

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29
Q

Describe a few of the functions of the ‘Older Brain’s Central Core’.

A

control basic functions such as eating, aggression, sexual expression, and pleasure.

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30
Q

What neural structure within the brain connects the two hemispheres?

A

The Corpus Callosm.

31
Q

Per the Freudian view, the ‘Manifest Content’ is described as what?

A

the apparent storyline of dreams

32
Q

Per the Freudian view, the ‘Latent Content’ is described as what?

A

the hidden meanings of (disguised) dreams.

33
Q

What does the right ‘Hemisphere’ of the ‘Cortex’ control?

A

The left side of the body

34
Q

What does the left ‘Hemisphere’ of the ‘Cortex’ control?

A

the right side of the body.

35
Q

Can ‘Endorphins’ be used to illustrate the ‘Mind-Body’ connection?

A

Yes, because when an individual takes a placebo, and they believe it will make them feel better it will lead to an actual reduction of pain.

36
Q

How does the ‘Hypothalamus’ help to maintain ‘Homeostasis’?

Is there a set point involved?

A

by steadying our internal state.

A ‘Set-Point’ is involved.

37
Q

If a stroke occurs in an ‘Association Area’ of the Cortex, Aphasia often results why?

A

because an injury to the association area will cause issues with thoughts, language, and memory. Aphasia can cause problems with language.

38
Q

What is ‘Neurogenesis’?

A

It grows new neurons.

39
Q

How does a surgically altered rat behave when can electrically stimulate the brain’s pleasure center?

A

it will deliver electrical stimulation to pleasure centers to the point of exhaustion and even death, not even stopping to eat.

40
Q

What neurotransmitter chemical does cocaine affect?

Explain how.

A

dopamine

by blocking the reabsorption of leftover dopamine which results in the brain being flooded with pleasurable sensations.

41
Q

What is a ‘Biological Addiction’?

A

The body has become accustomed to functioning with a drug that it cannot function without it.

42
Q

What is a ‘Psychological Addiction’?

A

People believe in their mind that they need the drug to function effectively and to deal with stressors in their life.

43
Q

Is there a ‘Mind-Body’ relationship between a ‘Biological’ and ‘Psychological’ Addiction?

A

Yes

44
Q

What does ‘REM’ sleep mean?

A

‘REM’ sleep means ‘Rapid Eye Movement’.

45
Q

What happens during ‘REM’ sleep?

A

dreams are most likely to happen or appear.

46
Q

What is ‘Synaptogenesis’?

A

It reassigns old neural connections with new tasks.

47
Q

What are some examples of how environmental stimulation increases the growth of new neurons, and neural connections.

A

Some examples are doing puzzles, learning languages, and playing an instrument

47
Q

Describe what a person experiences when the ‘motor area’ or the ‘sensory area’ of the cortex ‘Cerebral Cortex’ is stimulated electrically?

A

A person will experience movements in their body such as twitching in the arm.

48
Q

The ‘Cortex’ is said to be ‘Lateralized.’ What does this refer to?

A

It’s own area of expertise or specialization.

49
Q

A blindfolded “Split-Brain” individual that holds a spoon in their left hand, can, and cannot do what?

A

They CAN draw and point to a picture of a spoon.

They CAN’T say or point to the word “spoon”.

50
Q

A blindfolded “Split-Brain” individual that holds a spoon in their right hand can, and can’t do what?

A

They CAN say and point to the word “spoon”.

They CAN’T draw or point to a picture.

51
Q

Which ‘Perspective’ might use dreams to access the unconscious mind? Why?

A

The ‘Psychodynamic Perspective’ because it helps to recall anything that might repressed.

52
Q

What causes ‘SAD’ (Seasonal Affective Disorder)?

A

The darker winter months can result in low energy levels and even depression.

53
Q

How can ‘SAD’ be treated?

A

by being exposed to bright light daily during the winter months.

54
Q

Describe how the male and female brain are different.

A

men tend to show greater lateralization of language while women display less lateralization tend to be more evenly divided between the two hemispheres. A part of the corpus callosum is proportionally larger in women than in men.

55
Q

What does ‘Biofeedback’ help to control?

A

Internal processes with conscious thoughts such as blood pressure, heart and respiration rate, temperature, and the constriction of muscles.

56
Q

What do we use to determine various ‘Stages of Sleep’?

A

‘EEG apparatus’

57
Q

Can Freud’s notion of ‘Unconscious Wish Fulfillment’ sometimes be involved in the ‘Psychoanalytic Theory’?

A

In some cases. (Sometimes)

58
Q

Association Area

A

An area of the cerebral cortex which controls thoughts, language, memory, and speech. (Higher mental processes)

59
Q

Motor Area

A

Part of the cerebral cortex that responsible for the body’s voluntary movement.

60
Q

Sensory Area

A

Part of the cerebral cortex that responds to body sensations, sight, and sound.

61
Q

Autonomic Division

A

Controls involuntary functions such as heart rate, breathing, body temp, blood pressure, and contains both the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches.

62
Q

Somatic Division

A

Specializes in control of voluntary movement.

63
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Involves the brain and spinal cord

64
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Contains every part of the nervous system besides the brain and spinal cord. This includes the somatic and autonomic divisions.

65
Q

What are the names of the three theories on why we dream?

A

Survival Theory, Psychoanalytic Theory, and Activation-Synthesis Theory.

66
Q

Define the ‘Psychoanalytic Theory’.

A

Dreams represent unconscious wishes the dreamer wants to fulfill.

67
Q

Define the ‘Activation-Synthesis Theory’.

A

Random activation of various memories, are tied together in a logical story line.

68
Q

Define the ‘Survival Theory’

A

Information relevant to daily survival is reconsidered and reprocessed.

69
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

Past evolutionary factors influence behavior.

70
Q

Molecular Genetics

A

Identifies specific genes associated with behavior.

71
Q

Behavioral Genetics

A

Studies the effects of our genetic inheritance on behavior.

72
Q

Behavioral Neuroscience

A

The effects of neural biology and functioning on behavior.

Psych 1 (General Psych) (5 decks)

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