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A&P > Chapters 5&6 > Flashcards

Chapters 5&6 Flashcards

1
Q

What is passive transport?

A

move molecules in and out through the plasma membrane & from one membranous compartment to another within the cell
-does not require energy

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2
Q

What are the kinds of passive transport?

A

Simple diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Osmosis
Dialysis

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3
Q

What is diffusion?

A

small particles spread out evenly within any given space; move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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4
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

pass through the plasma membrane directly; cross through the phospholipid bilayer

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5
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

movement across the plasma membrane through transport proteins embedded the cell membrane

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6
Q

What is channel mediated passive transport?

A

Pores in the plasma membrane let specific molecules to pass; molecules move down their concentration gradient; no energy required & gated channels can be open or closed

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7
Q

What is carrier mediated passive transport?

A

Molecules move down their concentration gradient, not requiring energy; Requires the use of carriers, (which are proteins) attract the solute -> change shape -> release the solute out on the other side of the membrane (can be reversible)

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8
Q

What is osmosis?

A
  • water moving through a membrane

- passive transport of water through a selectively permeable membrane in the presence of at least 1 impairment solute

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9
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

water pressure that develops in a solution as a

result of osmosis into that solution

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10
Q

What is an isotonic solution?

A

both solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane

has the same potential osmotic pressure (there is no net movement of water)

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11
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A

the solute concentration of the outside of the cell is higher (water moves outside of the cell)

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12
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A

the extracellular environment has low concentration (water

moves into the cell)

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13
Q

How would each of these solutions affect a cell if a cell were placed inside?

A

hypertonic: cell would shrink or shrivel
hypotonic: cell would swell or expand
isotonic: would not change cells

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14
Q

What is dialysis?

A

a form of diffusion where the selectively permeable
nature of a membrane causes the separation of smaller
solute particles from larger solute particles

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15
Q

What is active transport?

A

-requires energy (ATP) to move molecules in and out of the plasma membrane; “pulled” across the membrane

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16
Q

Why does active transport require energy? Hint: think about concentration gradients

A

particles move against the concentration gradients

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17
Q

What are the two ways we can have active transport?

A

Transport by pumps (for small molecules)
Transport by vesicles (for large molecules, also called bulk
transportation)

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18
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

plasma membrane “traps” some extracellular material & brings it into the cell in a vesicle

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19
Q

What is receptor mediated endocytosis?

A

receptors in the plasma membrane bind to

specific molecules

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20
Q

What is phagocytosis? (endocytosis)

A

“cell eating” microorganisms or other large particles are engulfed and broken down by lysosomes

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21
Q

What is pinocytosis? (endocytosis)

A

“cell drinking” fluid is engulfed by the cell

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22
Q

What is exocytosis?

A
  • removes molecules from the cell
  • large molecules (usually proteins) can leave the cell even though they are too large to move out through the plasma membrane
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23
Q

What is metabolism?

A

All chemical reactions that occur in the body

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24
Q

What is a metabolic pathway?

A

linked series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell

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25
Q

What is catabolism?

A

breaks large molecules into smaller ones; releases energy

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26
Q

What is anabolism?

A

builds large molecules from smaller ones; consumes energy

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27
Q

What are enzymes?

A

act as chemical catalysts that allow metabolic reactions to occur

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28
Q

What are the functions of enzymes?

A

Regulate metabolic pathways

Can catalyze a reaction in both directions

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29
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

a chemical that reduces the amount of activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction

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30
Q

What are enzymes usually made of?

A

proteins/amino acids

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31
Q

What is an allosteric effector? What are some examples?

A

Various physical and chemical agents can activate or inhibit enzymatic activity by changing the shape of
enzyme molecules ex- temp
????

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32
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A
  • cells break down glucose or one of its simpler products, into carbon dioxide and water
  • C6H1206 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
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33
Q

What is the purpose of cellular respiration?

A

to produce energy (ATP) for cellular functions

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34
Q

What are the three phases of cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis
Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)
Oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport)

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35
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

First part of cellular respiration

O2 presence is not required

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36
Q

What is the product of glycolysis?

A

Glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvic acids

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37
Q

What is the citric acid cycle?

A

Pyruvic acid is converted to acetyl coenzyme A to enter the Krebs cycle when sufficient O2 is present

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38
Q

What is the product of the CAC?

A

CO2 & ATP, NADH and FAD (temporary energy stores)

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39
Q

What is the electron transport chain?

A

pumps hydrogen ions through the inner membrane -H ions don’t like the concentration so they go back inside -occurs in the mitochondria

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40
Q

What is the product of the ETC?

A

32-34 ATP

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41
Q

Where do each of these phases occur?

A

Glycolysis- cytosol
Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)- mitochondria
Oxidative phosphorylation- mitochondria

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42
Q

What is the overall net production of ATP?

A

36-38 ATP

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43
Q

What is anaerobic vs. aerobic?

A

anaerobic- does not requires oxygen

aerobic- requires oxygen

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44
Q

destroy bacteria

A

immune cells

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45
Q

contract for movement

A

muscle cells

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46
Q

What are the two types of membranes seen in a cell?

A

Plasma Membrane

Membranous Organelles

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47
Q

What is the structure of a membrane?

A

phospholipid bilayer

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48
Q

What is the role of cholesterol?

A

aide in the production of hormones

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49
Q

What is the role of lipid rafts?

A

bring material into the cell or organelle

50
Q

What is the role of proteins?

A

provide structure & support for cells

51
Q

What is the fluid mosaic model?

A

theory explaining how cell membranes are constructed

52
Q

What is a phospholipid? What is its structure?

A

primary structure of a cell membrane is a double layer of phospholipid molecules
head (hydrophilic)
tail (hydrophobic)

53
Q

What is the function of the membrane?

A

protect the cell from its surroundings

54
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

Internal content of the cell between PM and nucleus

55
Q

What is the fluid called in cytoplasm?

A

cytosol

56
Q

What are organelles?

A

the little “organs” in the cell performing different

functions

57
Q

What are the two types of organelles?

A

Membranous organelles- sacs or canals made of cell membrane

Non-membranous organelles- made up of microscopic filaments or other non-membranous materials

58
Q

Function and Structure of Rough ER

A
  • make proteins

- has ribosomes on the surface

59
Q

Function and Structure of Smooth ER

A
  • breaks down glycogen into glucose

- does not have ribosomes

60
Q

Function and Structure of Ribosomes

A

Function- Site of protein synthesis

Structure- Chain of amino acids linked together by polypeptide bonds

61
Q

Function and Structure of Golgi apparatus

what is the cells export system?

A

Structure- stack of 3-10 disc like envelopes
Sorts and modifies products of rER and sends them to proper destinations (“packaging and shipping”)
Products of rER move through the Golgi from the cis (convex) to the trans (concave) side as they become modified

62
Q

Function and Structure of Lysosomes

A

Digest unwanted and potentially harmful to the cell substances, external and internal

63
Q

Function and Structure of Proteasomes

A
  • destroy abnormal proteins

- hollow protein cylinders with embedded enzymes

64
Q

Function and Structure of Peroxisomes

A

membrane-walled sacs of oxidase enzymes; Enzymes neutralize free radicals and break down poisons

65
Q

Function and Structure of Mitochondria

A

surrounded by double-walled membrane Generate most of the cell’s energy (ATP), aerobic respiration; “Power plant” of the cell; Contain own DNA (maternity) and ribosomes; Can self replicate; Resembles bacteria

66
Q

Function and Structure of Nucleus (not technically an organelle)

A

control center of the cell

67
Q

Function and Structure of Centrosome (centrioles)

A
  • assist in the formation of microtubules

- two groupings of microtubules called centrioles

68
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

Long chains and tubes of amino acids (that is proteins) Makes the scaffolding of the cell and nucleus
Provide pathway to vesicle transportation

69
Q

What are the three fibers of the cytoskeleton? What is each function?

A

Microtubules—cylindrical structures made of proteins

Microfilaments—filaments of contractile protein actin Intermediate filaments—protein fibers

70
Q

What are molecular motors?

A

little feet that pull loads along the microtubules

71
Q

What are the three proteins involved with molecular motors?

A

Dynein
Myosin
Kinesin

72
Q

What are the three types of cell extensions?

A

Microvilli
Cilia
Flagella

73
Q

What is the function of each cell extension?

A

Microvilli: increase surface area and absorption
Cilia: hairs that transport fluid across the surface of the cell
Flagella: tail like extension that helps the cell move

74
Q

What type of cytoskeleton fiber is found in each extension?

A

no idea

75
Q

What are cell connections?

A

-the point of attachment between two different cells

76
Q

What are the three types of cell connections?

A

Desmosome
Gap Junction
Tight Junction

77
Q

What is a desmosome? Where are they found?

A

-hold adjacent cells together like velcro

78
Q

What is a gap junction? Where are they found?

A

-forms channels between the two cells

79
Q

What is a tight junction? Where are they found?

A

-fuses the two membranes of the cell together and does not let anything through

80
Q

True or False: The portion of an enzyme molecule that chemically “fits” the substrate molecules is referred to as the active site

A

TRUE

81
Q

True or False: The “lock and key” model is used to describe how DNA base pairs align

A

FALSE

82
Q

True or False: Protein anabolism is a major cellular activity

A

TRUE

83
Q

True or False: The citric acid cycle is also known as the Krebs cycle

A

TRUE

84
Q

True or False: Glycolysis is aerobic

A

FALSE

85
Q

In non-dividing cells DNA appears as threads that are referred to as

A

chromatin

86
Q

The nucleolus is composed chiefly of

A

rRNA

87
Q

The third step in cellular respiration is

A

the electron transport system

88
Q

The energy required for active transport processes is obtained from

A

ATP

89
Q

Movement of substances from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration is

A

passive transport

90
Q

Osmosis is the ____ of water across a selectively permeable membrane

A

diffusion

91
Q

A molecule or other agent that alters enzymes function by changing its shape is called:

A

an allosteric effector

92
Q

Glycolysis is a catabolic pathway that begins with glucose and ends with

A

pyruvic acid

93
Q

Which movement always occurs down a hydrostatic pressure gradient?

A

filtration

94
Q

The “uphill” movement of a substance through a living cell membrane is

A

active transport

95
Q

Membrane pumps are an example of which type of movement?

A

active transport

96
Q

An example of a cell that performs phagocytosis is the:

A

white blood cell

97
Q

A saline solution that contains a higher concentration of salt than living red blood cells would be:

A

hypertonic

98
Q

A red blood cell becomes engorged with water and will eventually lyse, releasing hemoglobin into the solution. The solution is ____ to the red blood cell.

A

hypotonic

99
Q

protein “tunnels”

A

membrane channels

100
Q

phagocytosis

A

endocytosis

101
Q

enzyme

A

pepsin

102
Q

enzymes that add or remove carbon dioxide

A

carboxylases

103
Q

pinocytosis

A

“cell drinking”

104
Q

type of membrane channel

A

aquaporins

105
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

carrier-mediated passive transport

106
Q

first stage of cellular respiration

A

glycolysis

107
Q

molecule able to diffuse across a particular membrane

A

permeant

108
Q

molecule able to diffuse across a particular membrane

A

permeant

109
Q

Ture or False: The fluid surrounding most cells of the body are isotonic to the cell

A

TRUE

110
Q

True or False: The fluid surrounding most cells of the body are isotonic to the cell

A

TRUE

111
Q

Prokaryotes

A

single-celled organism that has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles. Prokaryotes include the bacteria and cyanobacteria.

112
Q

Eukaryotes

A

an organism consisting of a cell or cells in which the genetic material is DNA in the form of chromosomes contained within a distinct nucleus. Eukaryotes include all living organisms other than the eubacteria and archaebacteria

113
Q

Amphipathic Molecule

A

a chemical compound containing both polar (water-soluble) and nonpolar (not water-soluble) portions in its structure
or have hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

114
Q

Proteins on the plasma membrane

A

no idea

115
Q

glycoprotein

A

any of a class of proteins that have carbohydrate groups attached to the polypeptide chain

116
Q

glycolipids

A

lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic (covalent) bond

117
Q

glycocalyx

A

also known as the pericellular matrix, is a glycoprotein and glycolipid covering that surrounds the cell membranes of some bacteria, epithelia, and other cells

118
Q

inclusions

A

being including within a group or structure (inside the cells)

119
Q

extra cellular space

A

That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid

120
Q

4 types of biomolecules (macromolecules)

A

carbs
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

121
Q

Structure of enzymes

A

amino acids linked together via amide (peptide) bonds in a linear chain

122
Q

Functions of biomolecules

A

Carbohydrates provide the body with source of fuel and energy
Proteins have specific functions (structural support, body movement)
Lipids = energy storage
Nucleic Acids are the DNA and RNA, they carry genetic information in the cell

A&P (3 decks)

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