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Psych 1 (General Psych) > Chapters 5 & 8 > Flashcards

Chapters 5 & 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What ‘Perspective’ does Chapter 5 examine?

What are the keywords?

A

Behavioral Perspective

Keywords: ‘Environmental Learning and Experience’ influence behavior.

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2
Q

What is another word for the term ‘Conditioning’?

A

Learning

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3
Q

‘Classical Learning’ involves what?

A

‘Learning by Association’

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4
Q

Why is ‘Pavlov’s Dog’ is a good example of ‘Learning by Association’?

A

because the dog associates the sound of the bell with food.

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5
Q

In order to ‘Extinguish’ the ‘learned association’ in Pavlov’s Dog you would need to do what?

A

You would need to stop feeding the dog when the bell rings.

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6
Q

‘Operant Conditioning’ involves what?

A

‘Learning by Consequence’

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7
Q

Why does Skinner call it ‘Operant Conditioning’?

A

because the rat is operating the lever in the experiment.

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8
Q

What is a ‘Tabula Rasa’?

A

a blank slate at birth.

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9
Q

For a Behaviorist, what writes on our tablet (or blank slate)?

A

Environmental Learning and Experience’ writes on our tablet.

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10
Q

By definition, what is ‘Reinforcement’?

A

a stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated.

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11
Q

By definition, what is ‘Punishment’?

A

a stimulus that decreases the probability that a previous behavior will occur again.

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12
Q

Is it possible for some overweight individuals to be ‘stuck’ at a higher than desirable ‘Weight Set Point’? Why?

A

Having a higher amount of fat cells might cause this to happen.

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13
Q

What is ‘Learned Helplessness’?

A

it is caused by no matter how hard a person tries, they cannot get a positive result so they quit entirely. (This is related to depression).

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14
Q

What are the various disadvantages of ‘Punishment’?

A

it models aggression, develops avoidance behavior, creates negative associations, and negative emotions such as fear, anxiety, depression, and anger.

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15
Q

According to Freud, what are the two primary instincts that motivate behavior?

A

sex and aggression

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16
Q

Before and during conditioning for Pavlov’s Dog, what would be the UCS UCR and NS?

A

Meat = ‘UCS’ (Unconditioned Stimulus)

Salvation = ‘UCR’ (Unconditioned Response)

Sound of the bell = ‘NS’ (Neutral Stimulus).

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17
Q

After conditioning, what would the ‘CS’ and ‘CR’ be?

A

the sound of the bell = ‘CS’ (Conditioned Stimulus)

salvation = ‘CR’ (Conditioned Response)

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18
Q

What compels or ‘Pushes’ us toward something in order to maintain ‘Homeostasis’?

A

A Drive.

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19
Q

What acts as an ‘Anticipated Reward’ and ‘Pulls’ us toward something.

A

An ‘Incentive’.

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20
Q

According to the ‘Cognitive Approach to Motivation’ one’s sense of ‘Self-Efficiency’ and ‘expectations’ of success can influence initiative and drive by what?

A

thoughts, ideas, and beliefs.

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21
Q

What is ‘Extrinsic’ motivation?

A

It involves doing something to obtain an external reward like money, a grade, or approval.

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22
Q

What is ‘Intrinsic’ motivation?

A

It involves engaging in an activity for our own internal delight or enjoyment rather than any reward that it will bring us.(like a hobby).

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23
Q

What are ‘Primary Needs/Drives’?

A

They are basic biological ‘needs’ necessary for survival.

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24
Q

What are ‘Secondary Needs/Drives’?

A

They are ‘learned needs’ or wants.

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25
Q

What will happen when a ‘Hypothalamus’ is damaged?

A

it will drive them to do something about their hunger, or their body’s temperature.

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26
Q

List the order of Maslow’s Hierarchy.

A

Physiological needs, Safety needs, Love and belongingness, Esteem, Self-actualization.

(This pyramid goes with the Humanistic Perspective)

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27
Q

What are the ‘three primary ways’ we learn from our environment.

A

‘Classical Conditioning’ (Pavlov)

‘Operant Conditioning’ (Skinner)

‘Observational Conditioning’ (Bandura)

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28
Q

What is the brain structure that monitors blood glucose levels and food intake?

A

The ‘Hypothalamus’.

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29
Q

What is extinction?

A

learning that occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears.

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30
Q

What are the two types of ‘Punishing Consequences’?

A

adding a bad, and taking away a good.

31
Q

Is Negative Reinforcement the same as punishment?

A

No

32
Q

How do we communicate ‘non verbally’?

A

through tone of voice, facial expressions, and/or body gestures, and our internal thoughts and emotions.

33
Q

What are ‘Instincts’?

A

patterns of behavior that are biologically determined rather than learned.

34
Q

What is ‘determinism’?

A

people’s behavior is produced primarily by factors outside of their willful control.

35
Q

What happened to ‘Little Albert’

A

He acquired a learned ‘phobia’ of anything resembling the white rat due to ‘Stimulus Generalization’.

36
Q

Is it possible to learn associations through observation of others?

A

Yes

37
Q

Why did ‘Little Albert’ exhibit signs of ‘Stimulus Generalization’?

A

because he developed a fear of “furriness” and his fear was generalized to anything similar to the rat.

38
Q

Which Reinforcement Schedule is the most resistant to ‘Extinction’?

A

Intermittent/Partial Reinforcement

39
Q

What is a ‘Discriminative Stimulus’?

A

It cues behavior by telling you what to do (or not do).

40
Q

What is ‘Behavior Modification’?

A

It is the systematic and deliberate use of ‘consequence’ to strengthen or weaken another’s behavior.

41
Q

What is ‘Thorndike’s Law of Effect’?

A

behavior that results in positive consequences, tend to be repeated, while punishing consequences will not be repeated.

42
Q

How can ‘Thorndike’s Law of Effect’ be associated with the ‘Skinner Box’?

A

because there is a satisfying consequence when the rat receives food from pressing the lever, and an unsatisfying consequence when it gets shocked.

43
Q

What are the two types of ‘Reinforcing Consequences’?

A

positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement.

44
Q

In order to ‘Extinguish’ behavioral responding for Skinner’s rat, the experimenter would have to do what?

A

stop giving the rat food when the lever is operated.

45
Q

Which is the most resistant to extinction? A slot machine, or a vending machine?

A

A slot machine

46
Q

How is Bandura’s ‘Bobo Doll’ an example of ‘Learning by Observation’?

A

during an experiment, when children observed others being aggressive towards the Bobo Doll, they behaved the same.

47
Q

We all have a ‘Drive’ to ‘Self-Actualize’ explain what this means.

A

we all have to the ability to reach our highest potential.

48
Q

Can the ‘Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) can be used to examine important needs, drives, and desires in an individual? Explain.

A

Yes, because ‘Projection’ determine underlying ‘Unconscious Motivation’ per Freud’s ‘Psychodynamic Perspective’.

49
Q

Can an ‘Overt’ ‘Non-Verbal’ behavior like smiling influence emotion and/or thought?

A

Yes, because facial expressions give the brain feedback which creates thoughts, and emotions to reflect that expression.

50
Q

What is the ‘Facial Feedback Hypothesis’?

A

Thoughts, feelings, and actions influence each other. facial expressions influence your thoughts and behavior, including how others view/label you.

Example: Smiling more will make you feel happier.

[Hint:] Think of Bill’s Triangle of Psychology

51
Q

What is ‘Anorexia Nervosa’?

A

a severe eating disorder which people may refuse to eat while denying that their behavior and appearance—which can become skeleton like—are unusual.

52
Q

What is ‘Bulimia’?

A

a disorder where a person binges on large quantities of food, followed by efforts to purge the food through vomiting or other means.

53
Q

According to Maslow’s ‘Needs Hierarchy’ how can a ‘Conditional Positive Reward’ or ‘Acceptance’ interfere with ‘Self-Esteem’ and ‘Self-Actualization’?

A

it threatens all the lower order needs in the hierarchy that ‘Self-Actualization’ foundationally rests upon.

54
Q

Why is ‘Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs’ shaped like a pyramid?

A

a pyramid graphically represents his approach, with the more basic needs at the bottom and the higher-level needs at the top.

55
Q

Define ‘self-efficiency’.

A

Personal empowerment or a “can do” attitude.

56
Q

Can a token be involved with ‘Behavioral Modification’?

A

It may be involved

57
Q

Do we exists within a token economy?

A

We exist within a ‘Token Economy’ because everybody works for a reward. For example, people study to earn good grades, and people work to earn a living.

58
Q

How does the ‘Hypothalamus’ help to maintain ‘Homeostasis’?

Is there a set point involved?

A

By steadying our internal state.

There is a set point involved.

59
Q

What is Pavlov known for?

A

Classical Conditioning,

Pavlov’s Dog, and Little Albert

60
Q

What is Skinner known for?

A

‘Operant Conditioning’ and Skinner’s Box.

61
Q

What is Bandura known for?

A

‘Observational Conditioning’ and Bandura’s Bobo Doll.

62
Q

Positive consequences do what?

A

Strengthen behavior and make it more likely to be repeated.

63
Q

Negative consequences do what?

A

Weaken behavior making it less likely to occur again. (Punishment)

64
Q

Which ‘Perspective’ goes with Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

A

Humanistic Perspective

65
Q

If you take a psychology class for college requirements or a grade, this is _________?

A

Extrinsic

66
Q

If you take a psychology class for personal enjoyment, this is ________?

A

Intrinsic

67
Q

What type of conditioning or learning does Little Albert go through?

A

Classical Conditioning which means Learning by Association.

68
Q

What would be the ‘UCS’ (Unconditioned Stimulus) and ‘UCR’ (Unconditioned Response) for little Albert?

A

UCS = Loud Noise

UCR= Fright

69
Q

What would be the ‘CS’ (Conditioned Stimulus) and ‘CR’ (Conditioned Response) for little Albert?

[Hint:] conditioned means learned. What did he learn after the experiment?

A

CS = white rat

CR = fear/fright

70
Q

Explain further on what a ‘Hypothalamus’ does?

A

It is the body’s thermostat and monitors glucose levels, homeostasis, and food intake.

71
Q

Why should you not over feed young children?

A

Because it will give them a higher weight set point, and make it harder to lose weight in the future.

72
Q

What is ‘TAT’ or (Thematic Appreciation Test)?

A

Subjects are shown images with no real meaning. They project themes from their own lives which can be from the unconscious. Psychodynamic Psychologists access these thoughts.

73
Q

What is the Drive Reduction Approach to Motivation?

A

We are driven to reduce our primary needs and maintain an equilibrium called homeostasis.

74
Q

What shape is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

A

A pyramid.

Psych 1 (General Psych) (5 decks)

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