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Psych 1 (General Psych) > Chapters 9 & 10 > Flashcards

Chapters 9 & 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What do ‘Developmental Psychologists’ examine?

A

Identifiable patterns of universal growth and change across the lifespan.

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2
Q

Identifiable ‘patterns of universal growth and change’ are called what?

A

Stages

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3
Q

Define Maturation.

A

The unfolding of biologically predetermined patterns of growth.

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4
Q

Does Readiness to perform a particular behavior (cognitive or physical) depend on Maturation?

A

Yes, because biologically predetermined patterns of behavior precede ‘Readiness’.

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5
Q

What is ‘Cross-Sectional’ research?

A

It involves the examination of several different age groups at the same time.

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6
Q

What is ‘Longitudinal’ research?

A

It involves the examination of

the same age group at different times.

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7
Q

What is ‘Temperament’? Is it a product of ‘Nature’ or ‘Nurture’?

A

An innate behavioral disposition that emerges early in life, and is a product of ‘Nature’.

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8
Q

Describe the difference between ‘Monozygotic’ and ‘Dizygotic’ twins

A

Monozygotic: result from a single fertilized egg

Dizygotic: are split into two identical genetic copies of itself which creates ‘identical twins’.

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9
Q

Explain how the ‘Monozygotic Twin Studies’ are used to examine Nature vs Nurture.

A

if they were to behave similarly, then it would support the argument that personality is based on genetics (Nature).

If they were to react differently, it would support the argument that personality is based on the environment (or Nurture).

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10
Q

Using the ‘Interactionist Approach’ to ‘Nature and Nurture’ the realization of a ‘genetically determined upper limit’ may depend on environmental circumstances. How?

A

‘Nature’ states an ‘upper-limit’ cannot be exceeded no matter how beneficial the environment is.

‘Nurture’ states the environment determines whether or not someone reaches or exceeds their ‘upper-limit’.

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11
Q

What is a ‘Zygote’?

A

A new cell formed by the union of an egg and a sperm.

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12
Q

What is an ‘Embryo’?

A

A developed zygote that has a heart, a brain, and other organs.

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13
Q

What does ‘Prenatal’ mean?

A

before birth

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14
Q

What does ‘Neonate’ mean?

A

A newborn child.

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15
Q

What does ‘Postnatal’ mean?

A

After birth.

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16
Q

What is a ‘Fetus’?

A

A developing individual, from eight weeks after conception until birth.

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17
Q

What is the ‘Age of Viability’?

A

The point at which a fetus can survive if born prematurely.

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18
Q

What is a ‘Critical/Sensitive Period’?

A

A specific period of time when a developing individual is especially ‘sensitive’ to the presence (or absence) of something environmental.

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19
Q

What are some examples of a ‘Critical/Sensitive Period’ for a prenatal fetus?

A

Prenatal fetuses can be affected by the presence of alcohol, drugs, and radiation, or lack of a proper diet (from the mother).

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20
Q

What are some examples of a ‘Critical/Sensitive Period’ for a Postnatal Neonate?

A

A ‘Postnatal’ Neonate can be affected by attachment.

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21
Q

What are ‘Teratogens’?

A

Environmental agents such as drugs, chemicals, viruses, or other factors that produce a birth defect.

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22
Q

Name all of the ‘Neonatal Reflexes’.

A

rooting reflex,

sucking reflex,

gag reflex,

startle reflex, and

babinski reflex.

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23
Q

What happens to the ‘Neonatal Reflexes’ when the ‘Cerebral Cortex’ starts to become more in control of behavior?

A

The ‘reflexes’ disappear.

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24
Q

Describe Preattachment behavior.

A

It includes a ‘social smile’ and ‘imitative facial expressions’ designed to evoke an ‘attachment response’ from a potential caregiver.

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25
Q

Describe Post-Attachment behavior.

A

includes a ‘focused smile’, ‘stranger anxiety’, and ‘separation anxiety’ from a potential caregiver.

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26
Q

How can a child’s ‘Temperament’ influence ‘Parenting Behavior’?

A

because it influences reactions or responses in a bidirectional manner.

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27
Q

What are the four types of ‘Parenting Styles’?

A

Authoritarian Parenting,

Permissive Parenting,

Authoritative Parenting,

Uninvolved Parenting.

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28
Q

Describe ‘Authoritarian Parenting’.

A

They practice ‘Conditional Positive Regard’, use ‘Punishment’ to modify behavior, and use ‘one-way’ communication with their children.

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29
Q

Describe ‘Authoritative Parenting’.

A

They practice ‘Unconditional Positive Regard’, use more ‘Reinforcement’ to modify behavior and use ‘two-way’ communication with their children.

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30
Q

Describe ‘Uninvolved Parenting’.

A

They show little interest in their children and are emotionally detached.

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31
Q

According to Erikson’s First Stage, how is trust established?

A

by having a safe caregiver, and secure ‘home-base’ from which the child can venture out and explore their environment and return back to.

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32
Q

What did the Harlow Monkey study discover?

A

A ‘tactile’ component (which refers to the sense of touch’) is important because it develops ‘Secure Attachment’.

33
Q

What are the three types of insecure attachment?

A

Avoidant,

Ambivalent, and

Disorganized/Disoriented.

34
Q

What is ‘Reflective Listening with (empathetic) Understanding’?

A

A listener repeats their understanding of another’s statement before voicing comments or opinions.

35
Q

Which perspective is the most likely to use a ‘Projective Test’? Why?

A

The ‘Psychodynamic Perspective’ because it accesses our unconscious or repressed thoughts.

36
Q

Why is a ‘Rorschach’ another ‘Projective Device’?

A

because people observe a picture with no definite meaning, and are told to describe what they see.

37
Q

What are Kohlberg’s ‘Three Stages of Moral Development’?

A

Preconventional Level of Moral Functioning

Conventional Level of Moral Functioning

Postconventional Level of Moral Functioning

38
Q

What is ‘Fluid Intelligence’?

A

The ‘level’ and ‘speed’ of cognitive processing and has the advantage on ‘timed’ IQ tests.

39
Q

What is ‘Crystalized Intelligence’?

A

It involves ‘experimental wisdom’ gained through time, and has a slower cognitive processing speed.

40
Q

What is a ‘Midlife Transition’?

A

A time where individuals do a ‘life-review’ and take stock of what they have done, and what they have not yet done, and what changes need to be made before it is too late.

41
Q

Per Freud, a ‘Socio/Psychopathic Personality’ would be lacking what?

A

An internal policing agency or a ‘conscience’.

42
Q

Name some of Piaget’s Operational Stages.

A

Piaget’s “Pre[cognitive] Operational” Stage,

Piaget’s “Concrete [cognitive] Operational” Stage,

Piaget’s “Formal [cognitive] Operational” Stage.

43
Q

The ‘False-Belief Task’ demonstrated what?

A

‘Cognitive Maturation’ and ‘Egocentric Thought’ patterns because children view right and wrong by what will benefit or harm them personally.

44
Q

Per Piaget, ‘Object Permanence’ refers to what?

A

awareness that objects and people continue to exist even if they’re out of sight.

45
Q

Piaget’s “Pre[cognitive] Operational” Stage ranges from what ages?

A

two through six years old.

46
Q

Piaget’s “Concrete [cognitive] Operational” Stage ranges from what ages?

A

five through seven years old.

47
Q

Piaget’s “Formal [cognitive] Operational” Stage ranges from what ages?

A

twelve through adulthood

48
Q

How has Piaget contributed to our understanding of ‘Cognitive Maturation’ and ‘Readiness’ in relation to ‘Environmental Experience and Learning’?

A

because once children have attained the ‘concrete operational stage’ of cognitive development, they are now ready to apply their own behavior to the environment.

49
Q

What are the warning signs of suicide?

A 
school problems, 
self-destructive behavior, 
change in appetite, 
withdrawal from peers, 
sleeping problems, 
depression, 
a preoccupation with death/the afterlife, 
giving prized possessions or pets away, and 
an announcement of thoughts of suicide.
50
Q

What is ‘Self-efficacy’?

A

It refers to a ‘cognitive’ belief in your own personal capabilities.

51
Q

What is ‘Self-esteem’?

A

It’s how we generally evaluate ourselves.

52
Q

What can strengthen your sense of ‘Self-Efficacy’?

A

Success.

53
Q

What can weaken your sense of ‘Self-Efficacy’?

A

Failure.

54
Q

What are the five major perspectives?

A

Biopsychological Perspective,

Psychodynamic Perspective

Behavioral Perspective,

Cognitive Perspective,

Humanistic Perspective.

55
Q

What are the keywords for the Biopsychological Perspective?

A

‘Biology of the Body and Genetics’ influence behavior.

56
Q

What are the keywords for the Behavioral Perspective?

A

‘Environmental Learning and Experience’ influence behavior.

57
Q

What are the keywords for the Humanistic Perspective?

A

‘Self-Actualization, and Freewill’ influence behavior.

58
Q

What are the keywords for the

Cognitive Perspective?

A

‘Thoughts, Ideas, and Beliefs’ influence behavior.

59
Q

What are the keywords for the Psychodynamic Perspective?

A

‘Unconscious and/or Earlier Experiences’ influence behavior.

Important Person: Freud

60
Q

What is I.D operated by?

A

i.d is operated by the pleasure principle.

61
Q

How is ‘EGO’ operated?

A

EGO is operated by the Reality Principle.

62
Q

What is Super EGO?

A

This is the home of your conscience and your moral compass.

63
Q

What is Skinner’s Behavioral Approach?

A

Learned behavior patterns from reinforcement or consequences.

64
Q

Name every defense mechanism.

Hint: There are 10. (5 start with an ‘R’)

A

Repression,

Suppression,

Rationalization,

Denial,

Projection,

Resistance,

Regression,

Displacement,

Sublimation, and

Reaction Formation.

65
Q

Define Repression

A

Unacceptable or unpleasant impulses are pushed into the unconscious mind.

66
Q

Define Suppression.

A

when something threatening or disturbing is blocked from awareness by being held in the sub/preconscious mind.

67
Q

Define Rationalization.

A

Explaining why something bad is good.

68
Q

Define Projection.

A

People attribute unwanted impulses and feelings to someone else.

69
Q

Define Denial.

A

a refusal to mentally accept or acknowledge highly threatening information.

70
Q

Define Resistance.

A

an inability or unwillingness to discuss/reveal threatening information.

71
Q

Define Reaction formation.

A

Unconscious impulses are expresses as their opposite in consciousness.

72
Q

Define Sublimation.

A

People divert unwanted impulses into socially approved thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.

73
Q

Define Displacement.

A

The expression of an unwanted feeling or thought is redirected from a more threatening powerful person to a weaker one.

74
Q

Define Regression.

A

People behave as if they are at an earlier stage of development.

75
Q

Define Personality.

A

A pattern of enduring [behavioral] characteristics that produce consistency and individuality across time and place.

76
Q

A correct answer for the ‘False Belief’ Task correlates with what Stage?

A

‘Piaget’s Concrete [cognitive] Operational Stage’.

77
Q

An incorrect answer for the ‘False Belief’ Task correlates with what Stage?

A

‘Piaget’s Pre[cognitive] Operational Stage’.

78
Q

Per, Martin Luther King’s Letter, he operates Kohlberg’s _________.

A

Kohlberg’s Postconventional Level of Moral Functioning.

79
Q

MLK is addressing people who operate from Piaget’s _________ Stage.

A

Piaget’s Formal [Cognitive] Operational Stage.

Psych 1 (General Psych) (5 decks)

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