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MUSC 119 > chapters 9-16 > Flashcards

chapters 9-16 Flashcards

1
Q

click track

A

series of regular audio pulses used to keep separately recorded parts synchronized

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2
Q

click source

A

sample or synthesized sound used in the clicktrack pulse

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3
Q

count in or count off

A

initial clicks on a clicktrack that gives performers the tempo and beat

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4
Q

pre roll

A

setting that plays back previous music just prior to the point of recording

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5
Q

mixdown

A

reduce multiple audio tracks into few tracks by adjusting individual track levels and processing prior to combining them

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6
Q

multitrack

A

(adj) - type of recording device
(verb) - to record multiple tracks for later mixdown

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7
Q

overdub

A

recording a different audio track (with different harmonies, melody) to complement an existing audio track

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8
Q

double track

A

record a second audio track with the same audio performance as the first track

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9
Q

bounce or render

A

process track so that it is converted to an audio file (ie. as a .aif or .wav format file)

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10
Q

monophonic

A

single channel sound system (often with a single speaker)

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11
Q

PA system

A

public address system (common to use monophonic for these)

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12
Q

stereophonic

A

two channel sound system with different audio channels for each speaker
- speakers attempt to replicate the continuous audio horizon

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13
Q

point source

A

a single speaker location

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14
Q

sweet spot

A

area in a listening environment with the best balance of sound
- listening position located equidistant from the speakers and directly in line with their axes of diffusion

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15
Q

multichannel system

A

audio system diffusing more than one channel on more than one speaker
- diffuse more than channels

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16
Q

quadraphonic

A

four channel audio system
- placed in corners of square

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17
Q

LFE

A

low frequency effects channel

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18
Q

5.1

A

five channel audio system with a subwoofer

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19
Q

7.1

A

seven channel audio system with a subwoofer

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20
Q

Octophonic

A

eight channel audio system

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21
Q

foley

A

natural sounds added to audio tracks in film/video to provide a more realistic experience
- presentation of speech, music, sound effects

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22
Q

file format

A

protocol for a file

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23
Q

protocol

A

manner and order in which data is saved to a file
- agreed upon method of efficiently communicating information so that errors and misunderstandings are avoided

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24
Q

raw audio

A

audio file containing only the audio samples and no file header
- no other info about the file other than the specific values needed to replicate the waveform

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25
Q

header

A

first part of a file containing information about compression, # of channels, bit depth, sample rate, format
- solves problem of confusion as to how many channels and what type of compression is used in a file

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26
Q

block

A

predetermined and specific amount of audio data in an audio file

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27
Q

.wav

A

suffix for WAVE format - uncompressed audio file

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28
Q

.aif

A

suffix for AIFF format - uncompressed audio file

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29
Q

compression

A

reduce the size of a file so that it takes up less storage space

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30
Q

decompression

A

expand a file that has been compressed

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31
Q

codec

A

compressor-decompressor algorithm
- audio file is decompressed according to the same protocol it was compressed

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32
Q

lossless

A

adjective indicating no data is lost in the compression stage of storage (can recreate all the data in the file)
- removing redundant data (ie silence)

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33
Q

lossy

A

adjective indicating that some data is lost in the compression stage of storage
- these formats reduce size of audio file by stripping out info that our ears won’t notice (for the most part)
- finds tones we don;t or hardly hear and excludes them

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34
Q

.mp3

A

common lossy codec
- strips out frequencies from original sound that may not be perceived by a user

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35
Q

AAC

A

advanced audio coding - lossy compression method (used for iTunes)

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36
Q

.m4a

A

lossless audio format

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37
Q

.wma

A

lossless audio format

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38
Q

Kilobit

A

1024 bits (of data)

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39
Q

bitrate

A

number of kilobits per second

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40
Q

VBR

A

variable bit rate
- provides a balance between high quality audio and small size files
- used to achieve improved quality in comparison to file size ratio

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41
Q

artifact

A

a distortion (not present in the og sound) caused by processing, compression or any other action of editing, storage or retrieval
- unwanted noise/distortion in the resulting sound file

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42
Q

tweeker

A

speaker that handles high frequencies

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43
Q

squawker

A

speaker that handles midrange frequencies

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44
Q

woofer

A

speaker that handles low frequencies

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45
Q

subwoofer

A

speaker that handles the lowest frequencies heard by humans

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46
Q

driver

A

cone, magnet and coil that make up/form a dynamic speaker

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47
Q

sound system configuration

A

physical presentation of audio channels when they are played back/diffused in a listening area

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48
Q

diffuser

A

controlling the balance and movement of sound in the space

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49
Q

Suffix (of a file name)

A

one way of recognizing file formats

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50
Q

What is a good trade off for encoding

A

good sound quality versus file size

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51
Q

automation

A

ability to have the computer control and change various parameters that are accessible through the interface or in plug ins

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52
Q

timeline

A

area above the DAW tracks that can display time divisions in different formats

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53
Q

plugin

A

small software program that works inside of another program

54
Q

format

A

protocols that the plugin follows to be able to operate

55
Q

VST

A

virtual studio technology
- had to run effects as separate application (crash and timing problems etc)

56
Q

VSTi

A

virtual studio technology synthetic instrument
- plugins that can act as standalone instruments (samplers or synths)

57
Q

VST3

A

64-bit plug-in
- have audio inputs and multiple MIDI inputs/outputs
- recognize how many input and output channels your system has (and adjust accordingly)

58
Q

AU

A

Audio unit (apple)

59
Q

AAX

A

Avid audio extension

60
Q

wrapper

A

small plugin that allows non compatible plugins to work in a particular DAW
- software interface

61
Q

Bridge

A

software that allows 32-bit plugins to work in 64-bit systems

62
Q

plugin host

A

software program that allows you to use plugins outside of a DAW for realtime/live performance

63
Q

control tracks

A

give us the ability to program and edit parameters so that they are used as we wish at the appropriate time in a piece
- access to every parameter including plugins (not just the regular volume, pan etc)

64
Q

Music representation

A

music information that is being conveyed, such as pitch, articulation, dynamics etc.

65
Q

music notation

A

typeface and layout used to present the music information

66
Q

common practice period (CPP)

A

Baroque, Classical, Romantic eras of music

67
Q

Justification

A

adjusting the layout and spacing of materials

68
Q

graphics-based

A

refers to a notation system where the notation has no associated attributes of pitch, duration etc

69
Q

rule-based

A

notation system where each symbol is identified as having specific attributes such as pitch or duration
- software is aware of musical structures

70
Q

method

A

for score input - the type of interface that allows information to be entered
- software is not necessarily aware of musical structures such as a timeline, and/or need not be constrained by them

71
Q

mode

A

for software, the manner of operation and the actions allowable

72
Q

real time entry

A

entry of musical data through performance
- notation program in much the same manner as a sequencer

73
Q

step time entry

A

the entry of musical data in non real time
- user enters a note and the entry cursor moves forward the correct rhythmic duration to the location of the next entry point

74
Q

QWERTY keyboard

A

traditionally laid out computer or typewriter keyboard

75
Q

Clavier keyboard

A

a music keyboard such as found on piano, harpsichord, organ, or clavichord

76
Q

MusicXML

A

a protocol for the exchange of music notation information between notation programs
- allows different notation programs to exchange files without losing info (like slurs, articulations, crescendo)

77
Q

Open score format

A

protocol for the exchange of files containing music notation, audio and video, html code, and MIDI data
- makes use of MusicXML

78
Q

ETF (enigma transportable file)

A

text based file exchange format that allows for the exchange of Finale files via email without being corrupted

79
Q

Scorch

A

limited online editor viewer designed to support commercial distribution of music scores

80
Q

Finale Viewer

A

a limited online editor viewer designed to support commercial distribution of music scores

81
Q

Music notation software

A

programs that allow a user to display symbols in a meaningful manner so that they can be interpreted as performance instructions by musicians

82
Q

Common Practice Period (CPP) notation

A

staves, pitches, rhythms, performance markings

83
Q

Cost/benefit ratio

A

amount of work it takes to develop and market software and the expected return (benefit) that the developer receives

84
Q

hardware and operating system

A

place restrictions on what is or isn’t possible for a user

85
Q

Mouse entry

A

select a note duration from a menu and then click on the staff in the desired pitch location

86
Q

MIDI files

A

common method of exchanging music data between programs

87
Q

Scorch & Finale Viewer

A

free downloadable program that runs in a web browser, allowing users to view and make minor changes

88
Q

Open score

A

printed scores where each part has its own staff

89
Q

score order

A

how instruments are organized on a staff (for a score)

90
Q

MIDI

A

musical instrument digital interface

91
Q

Protocol

A

an agreed upon manner or method of communicating

92
Q

Controller

A

device for generating data to trigger or alter settings on another MIDI device
- equipment that generates MIDI messages

93
Q

MIDI message

A

information sent from one MIDI device to another containing instructions

94
Q

Master

A

primary controller in a MIDI setup

95
Q

Slave

A

MIDI device that receives data from a master controller

96
Q

Note on

A

MIDI message indicating that a specific note is to be turned on (1001)

97
Q

Note off

A

MIDI message indicating that a specific note is to be turned off (1000)

98
Q

Velocity

A

measure of how fast a key has been pressed (volume measurement for that particular note)

99
Q

Patch

A

synthesized or sampled instrument or timbre
- predefined virtual instrument

100
Q

Program change

A

instruction that will change the patch being played on a channel

101
Q

Sequencer

A

Hardware/software that can record and play back MIDI messages

102
Q

General MIDI (GM)

A

standardized specification for MIDI devices defining available timbres and channels

103
Q

General MIDI sound set

A

standardized collection of 128 timbres for use in general MIDI

104
Q

reserved

A

restricting the use of particular MIDI key numbers or channels to specific patches

105
Q

Mapped

A

assigning a specific response or patch to specific MIDI key numbers

106
Q

Aftertouch

A

MIDI messages caused by changes or pressure to a clavier key after it has been depressed
- info about how hard we continue to press down on the key

107
Q

Virtual instrument

A

instrument that exists in a software form only, controlled by hardware or software interfaces or controllers
- act like hardware synthesizers (can be controlled by MIDI signals sent from sequencers, live performance or various software programs)

108
Q

Clavier keyboard

A

keyboard resembling a piano or organ keyboard (as opposed to a keyboard on a computer)

109
Q

MIDI-IN

A

receives data

110
Q

MIDI-OUT

A

transmits data generated by the synthesizer

111
Q

MIDI-THRU

A

passes data on that is received from other synthesizers

112
Q

DIN plug

A

dive contact connector for MIDI

113
Q

Piano roll notation

A

music notation that uses the length of line segments to indicate duration, and height above x axis to indicate pitch

114
Q

event list

A

list of musical events for midid playback, containing note ons and offs, velocity, patch changes and continuous controller data such as volume and pitchbend

115
Q

Common practice music notation

A

symbols and protocols generally used to present music based on western music pitch, harmonic and rhythmic practices

116
Q

MIDI import

A

to bring in MIDI data to a program

117
Q

MIDI export

A

to save data in a standard MIDI format that can be read by other programs

118
Q

Tick

A

smallest unit of time in a MIDI record mode (often set to 960 ticks per quarter note)

119
Q

Tuplet

A

division of a beat into equal subdivisions not usually permitted by the time signature

120
Q

Quantization

A

changing note/MIDI event onsets and/or durations to fit specific beats, subbeats and note values
- forcing note onsets, durations and releases to line up with a grid

121
Q

Click track

A

digital metronome that plays during recording (but is not recorded) to assist in keeping time

122
Q

step time recording

A

use a connected clavier or other MIDI input device or an on-screen clavier to enter your music data

123
Q

INDEX in event list

A

indicates order of data (each line is a MIDI message)

124
Q

POSITION in event list

A

gives measure.beat.tick position

125
Q

LENGTH in event list

A

duration in measure.beat.ticks

126
Q

CHANNEL in event list

A

which of the 16 channels the MIDI message will be sent on

127
Q

TYPE in event list

A

kind of MIDI message (ie. note)

128
Q

PARAMETER in event list

A

ie. pitch class and octave (ie. C4)

129
Q

VALUE in event list

A

velocity (loudness) of the note

130
Q

Ticks

A

division of quarter note (how many ticks into the beat the onset of the note occurs)

MUSC 119 (3 decks)

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