Chemical bonding

Question 1

Element Electron Configuration

Answer 1

Elements are composed of atoms with unique electron configurations. Understanding the arrangement of electrons within atoms helps predict how atoms will interact to form bonds.

Question 2

Duplet and Octet Rule

Answer 2

Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration, often characterized by having a full outer shell of electrons (duplet for hydrogen and octet for other elements).

Question 3

Writing Electronic Configuration of Elements

Answer 3

The electronic configuration of elements can be determined from their atomic number, indicating the distribution of electrons in different energy levels or orbitals.

Question 4

Identifying Valence Electrons and Valency

Answer 4

Valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom, which determine its chemical properties. Valency refers to the number of electrons an atom can gain, lose, or share to achieve a stable configuration.

Question 5

Ionic Bonding

Answer 5

Ionic bonds form between atoms with large differences in electronegativity, resulting in the transfer of electrons from one atom to another. Compounds like CaF2, K2O, and NaCl are examples of ionic compounds.

Question 6

Naming and Writing Formulas of Ionic Compounds

Answer 6

The crisscross method is used to determine the ratio of ions in an ionic compound and write its chemical formula.

Question 7

Covalent Bonding

Answer 7

Covalent bonds form when nonmetal atoms share pairs of electrons to achieve a stable configuration. Examples include molecules like H2, O2, and H2O.

Question 8

Metallic Bonding

Answer 8

Metallic bonding occurs in metals, where delocalized electrons are shared among a lattice of positively charged metal ions, resulting in properties like conductivity and malleability.

Question 9

Alloys

Answer 9

Alloys are mixtures of two or more metals or a metal and a non-metal. They often exhibit properties superior to those of their constituent elements and have various applications in industry, construction, and technology.

Question 10

Implications and Applications of Alloys

Answer 10

Alloys play essential roles in daily life, such as in the production of steel (iron-carbon alloy), brass (copper-zinc alloy), and bronze (copper-tin alloy). Their properties can be tailored for specific applications, including strength, corrosion resistance, and conductivity.