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Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Define Matter

A

Anything that occupies space and has mass

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2
Q

What are the three states that matter can exist in?

A

Solid, liquid, gas

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3
Q

Define a Solid state

A

They are compact and have a definite shape and volume. Ex: bones & teeth

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4
Q

Define Liquid state

A

Have definite volume and assume the shape of their container. Ex: Blood plasma

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5
Q

Define Gas state

A

Has neither shape or volume. Ex: oxygen & carbon dioxide

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6
Q

Define a Chemical Element

A

Is a substance that cannot be split into a simpler substance by ordinary chemical means

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7
Q

How many chemical elements exist?

A

There are a total of 117

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8
Q

How many Chemical Elements occur naturally on Earth?

A

92

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9
Q

Define Chemical Symbol

A

One or two letters of the elements name in English, Latin or another language

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10
Q

How many elements are in the human body?

A

26

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11
Q

How many of elements are considered Major Elements within the body?

A

4

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12
Q

Name the four Major Elements in the body?

A

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

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13
Q

How many lesser elements are in the human body?

A

8

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14
Q

Name the 8 lesser elements?

A

Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, iron

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15
Q

Define Atom

A

The smallest unit of matter that can retain the properties and characteristics of the element

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16
Q

What three subatomic particles are important to understand chemical reactions in the human body?

A

Protons, neutrons, electrons

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17
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

The dense central core of an atom

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18
Q

What are the subatomic particles are in the nucleus?

A

Positively charged Protons (P+) and uncharged neutrons (neutral)

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19
Q

What space do the electrons occupy within the atom?

A

They move about in a large space surrounding the nucleus. They do not follow a fixed orbit but instead form a negatively charged ‘cloud’

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20
Q

What is an atomic number?

A

The number of protons in the atom’s nucleus

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21
Q

What is the mass number?

A

It is the sum of protons and neutrons

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22
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Atoms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons and therefore different mass numbers

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23
Q

What are radioactive isotopes

A

They are unstable, their nuclei decay (spontaneously decay) into a stable configuration

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24
Q

What is atomic mass?

A

Within an element, it is the average mass of all its naturally occuring isotopes

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25
Q

What is an Ion?

A

It is an atom that either gives up or gains an electron

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26
Q

What is a molecule?

A

Two or more atoms that share electrons

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27
Q

What is a compound?

A

Substances that contain atoms of two or more different elements

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28
Q

What is a chemical bond?

A

Forces that hold together the atoms of a molecule or compound

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29
Q

What is a valence shell?

A

Outer most shell with electrons ranging from 1-7

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30
Q

What is the Octet rule?

A

Two or more atoms can interact in ways that produce a chemically stable arrangement of eight valence electrons for each atom

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31
Q

What is an Ionic Bond?

A

It is the force of attraction that holds together ions with opposite changes

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32
Q

What is a Cation?

A

It is a positively charged Ion

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33
Q

What is an Anion?

A

It is a negatively charged Ion

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34
Q

When ionic compounds exist as solids, what do they look like?

A

They are orderly, repeating arrangements of ions

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35
Q

What is it called when an ionic compound breaks apart into a positive and negative ion in a solution?

A

An electrolyte

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36
Q

What is a Covalent Bond?

A

It is when two or more atoms share electrons rather than gaining or losing them

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37
Q

What is a Single Covalent Bond?

A

It results when two atoms share one electron pair

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38
Q

Two atoms share two pairs of electrons are called?

A

A Double Covalent Bond

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39
Q

What is a Triple Covalent Bond?

A

When two atoms share three pairs of electrons

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40
Q

Define a Non-Polar Covalent Bond

A

It is when two atoms share electrons equally, they have atoms that do not attract the shared electrons more strongly than the other

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41
Q

Non-Polar or Polar?

Bonds between identical atoms are always ________?

A

Non-Polar

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42
Q

Define Polar Covalent Bonds

A

The sharing of electrons between two atoms is unequal, the nucleus of one atom attracts the shared electrons more strongly than the nucleus of the other atom

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43
Q

Define Chemistry

A

The science of the structure and interactions of matter.

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44
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

Forms when a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge attracts the partial negative charge of a neighbouring electronegative atoms most often larger oxygen or nitrogen atoms

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45
Q

What is Surface Tension?

A

It is a measure of the difficult or stretching or breaking the surface of a liquid

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46
Q

What is a chemical reaction?

A

It occurs when new bonds form and old bonds break between atoms

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47
Q

What are Reactants?

A

The starting substance, example x2 H2 and x1 O2

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48
Q

What are products?

A

The ending substance, example H2O

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49
Q

What is Metabolism?

A

It is all the chemical reactions occurring in the body.

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50
Q

What is energy?

A

It is the capacity to do work

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51
Q

What is potential energy?

A

It is energy stored by matter due to its position

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52
Q

What is Kinetic Energy?

A

It is energy associated with matter in motion

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53
Q

What is Chemical Energy?

A

It is a form of potential energy that is stored in the bonds of compounds and molecules

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54
Q

What is the Law of Conservation of Energy?

A

It is energy that can be neither created or destroyed, it may be converted from one form to another.

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55
Q

What is Chemical Bond?

A

It is a representation of stored chemical energy and chemical reactions occur when new bonds are formed or old bonds are broken between atoms.

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56
Q

What is the Overall Reaction?

A

It may either release or absorb energy

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57
Q

What is an Exergonic Reaction?

A

It is a release of more energy than is absorbed

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58
Q

What is an Endergonic Reaction?

A

It is when more energy is absorbed than released

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59
Q

Define Activation Energy

A

It is the collision energy needed to break the chemical bonds of reactants

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60
Q

Define Concentration

A

The more particles of matter present in a confined space, the greater the chance they will collide

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61
Q

Define Temperature

A

As temp increases, particles of matter move more rapidly.

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62
Q

What is a Catalyst?

A

It is a chemical compound that speeds up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for the reaction to occur

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63
Q

What is Synthesis Reaction?

A

It is when two or more atoms, ions or molecules combine to form new and larger molecules

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64
Q

Define Anabolism

A

It is usually endergonic because they absorb more energy than they release

65
Q

What is a Decomposition Reaction?

A

It is when large molecules split up into smaller atoms, ions or molecules

66
Q

What is Catabolism?

A

It is usually exergonic because they release more energy than they absorb

67
Q

What is an Exchange Reaction?

A

It consists of both synthesis and decomposition reactions

68
Q

What is a Reversible Reaction?

A

It is when its products can revert to the original reactants

69
Q

Define Oxidation

A

It is the loss of electrons and in the process the oxidized substance releases energy

70
Q

What is Reduction?

A

It is the gain of electrons and in the process the reduced substances gains energy

71
Q

Define Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

A

They are always parallel, when one substance is oxidized, another is reduced at the same time

72
Q

What is an Inorganic Compound?

A

They usually lack carbon and are structurally simple.

Molecules also have only a few atoms and cannot be used by cells to preform complicated biological functions

73
Q

What is an Organic Compound?

A

They always contain a carbon atom
They usually have hydrogen
They always have covalent bonds

74
Q

What is Water?

A

Water is formed from x2 H2 and x1 O, making H2O

It is the most abundant inorganic compound in the living system

75
Q

What is a solution?

A

A substance called the solvent dissolves another substance called the solute
Usually there is more solvent than solute in a solution

76
Q

Define Hydrophilic

A

Solutes that are charged or contain polar covalent bonds

Easily dissolvable in water

77
Q

Define Hydrophobic

A

Molecules that contain mainly non-polar covalent bonds.

They are not very soluble in water

78
Q

What serves as the medium for most chemical reactions in the body and participates as a reactant or product in certain reactions

A

What is Water

79
Q

Define Hydrolysis

A

It enables dietary nutrients to be absorbed into the body

80
Q

What is Dehydration Synthesis Reaction

A

It is when two smaller molecules join to form a large molecule

81
Q

What is a Mixture

A

It is a combination of elements or compounds that are physically blended together by not bound by chemical bonds

82
Q

What are the three common liquid mixtures?

A

They are Solutions, Colloids and Suspensions

83
Q

What is a Colloid?

A

It differs from a solution mainly because of the size of its particles. The solute particles in a colloid are large enough to scatter light. Due to this colloids usually appear translucent or opaque

84
Q

What is a Suspension?

A

The suspended material may mix with the liquid or suspending medium for some time, but will eventually settle out

85
Q

What is a Solution?

A

Once mixed together, solutes in a solution remain evenly dispersed among the solvent molecules. Because the solute particles in the solution are very small, the solution looks clear and transparent

86
Q

What is a Mole?

A

It is the amount of any substance that has a mass in grams equal to the sum of the atomic masses of all its atoms

87
Q

Define Dissociate

A

When an inorganic acid, base, or salts dissolve in water, that is they separate into ions and become surrounded by water molecules

88
Q

What is an Acid?

A

It is a substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen atoms, H+, and into one or more anions

89
Q

What is a Proton Donor?

A

H+ is a single proton with one positive charge

90
Q

What is a Base?

A

It removes H+ from a solution, and therefore is a proton acceptor

91
Q

The more _______, or (___), that is dissolved in a solution, the more acidic the solution will be

A

Hydrogen, H+

92
Q

The more _________ ions, (____), the more basic (alkaline) the solution

A

What is Hydroxide Ions, OH-

93
Q

Any departure from the narrow limits of ___ and ____ concentrations will greatly disrupt body function

A

H+ and OH-

94
Q

What is a pH Scale?

A

A solutions acidity or alkalinity and it extends from 0 - 14

95
Q

What is considered the mid-point of the pH scale?

A

It is 7, it is where H+ and OH- are equal.

96
Q

When a solution has more ______, it is considered _______ and has a pH below ____

A

H+, acidic, 7

97
Q

A solution that contains more ______, is considered ______ (alkaline) and has a pH above ____

A

OH-, basic, 7

98
Q

Homeostatic mechanisms maintain the pH of blood between _____ and ______, which is slightly more basic than pure water

A

7.35 and 7.45

99
Q

What is the pH to cause acidosis?

A

When it falls below 7.35

100
Q

What is the pH to cause Alkalosis?

A

When the pH of the blood rises above 7.45

101
Q

What is a Buffer System?

A

It functions to convert strong acids or bases into weak acids or bases

102
Q

What are Carbohydrates?

A

They are commonly called sugars and starches
They range from small to very large
They serve as an important energy source for the body
They contribute to the structure of some cells
They form a reserve supply of stored energy

103
Q

What are Monosaccharides?

A

They are the simplest form of carbohydrates
They are simple sugar (glucose)
They are also Fructose and Galactose
Same molecule formula as glucose but arranged different
When ingested they are converted to glucose in the liver

104
Q

What are Disaccharides?

A

They are formed when two monosaccharides are linked together by dehydration synthesis
1 glucose + 1 fructose = sucrose (table sugar)
2 glucose = maltose (malt sugar)
1 glucose + 1 galactose = lactose (milk sugar)

105
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Long chains of monosaccharides
Starch
Cellulose - “roughage” not digestable
Glycogen - storage form of carbohydrates and is found in the liver and muscle

106
Q

What do all proteins contain?

A

C - Carbon
H - Hydrogen
O - Oxygen
N - Nitrogen

Some may contain:
S - Sulfur
Fe - Iron
P - Phosphorus

107
Q

What are the building blocks of life?

A

Amino Acid Group (-NH2) that has:
8 essential amino acids that cannot be produced by the human body
12 nonessential amino acids that can be produced from molecules available in the human body

Carboxyl Acid Group (-COOH)

108
Q

How are amino acids bonded?

A

By peptide bonds formed by dehydration synthesis

109
Q

What are proteins?

A

Basic structural material of the body

110
Q

What are some functions proteins do?

A

Structural components in cells and tissues
Act as antibodies
Muscles contain some that are responsible for contraction
Receptor sights and identification marks on cells
Hemoglobin carries oxygen in the blood
Source of energy

111
Q

What are the four levels of protein structure?

A

Primary Structure
Second Structure
Tertiary Structure
Quaternary Structure

112
Q

Describe what the Primary structure of Protein does

A

Referes to the number, kind, and sequence of amino acids that make up the polypeptide chain

113
Q

What do the levels of protein structure represent?

A

Protein molecules are highly organized and show a definite relationship between structure and function

114
Q

What does the secondary structure of Proteins do?

A

Polypeptide is coiled or bent into pleated sheets stabilized by hydrogen bonds

115
Q

What does the Tertiary structure of proteins do?

A

A secondary structure can be further twisted, resulting in globular shape; the coils touch in may places and are ‘welded’ by a covalent and hydrogen bond

116
Q

What does the Quaternary structure of proteins do?

A

It is the highest level of organization that occurs when a protein contains more than one polypeptide chain

117
Q

What are the two broad catergoies of Organic molecules?

A

Structural Proteins

Functional Proteins

118
Q

What is the purpose of Structural proteins in organic molecules?

A

They form the structures of the body

119
Q

What is the purpose of functional proteins in organic molecules?

A

They cause chemical changes in the molecules

120
Q

The shape of a proteins molecules can determine their function

True or False?

A

True

121
Q

Denatured proteins have lost their shape and therefore their function?

True or false

A

True

122
Q

Proteins can be denatured by changes in pH, temp, radiation, and other chemicals?

True or False

A

True

123
Q

If the chemical environment is restored, proteins will be renatured and function normally?
True or False

A

False:

Proteins may be renatured and function normally

124
Q

What will a lipid contain?

A

C - Carbon
H - Hydrogen
O - Oxygen

125
Q

What might a lipid contain?

A

N - Nitrogen

P - Phosphorous

126
Q

What makes lipids differ from carbohydrates?

A

They have a much lower oxygen concentration

127
Q

Lipids are insoluble in _______:

A

water (greasy), but can be soluble in acetone, ether, alcohol and other non-polar solvents

128
Q

What is the most common member of the lipid group?

A

Triglycerides (Fat)

129
Q

What are the major roles of lipids?

A

Energy Source
Structural role
Integral parts of cell membranes

130
Q

Define a triglyceride

A

They are the most abundant lipid and most concentrated source of energy
They provide protection
They provide padding
They provide insulation

131
Q

What is a Triglyceride made of?

A

Glycerol - it has a hydroxyl group (-OH) on each C
Fatty Acids - C chains with a carboxyl group (-COOH) at one end which gives it the acidic properties
If all C are connected by a single covalent bond then it is a saturated fatty acid
If there are some double covalent bonds then it is an unsaturated fatty acid

132
Q

What four components must combine to create a triglyceride?

A

3 fatty acids

1 glycerol

133
Q

What is a Phospholipid?

A

It is similar to a triglyceride
One end is water-soluble (hydrophilic)
One end is fat-soluble (hydrophobic)
They contain a phosphate group as well as the glycerol and fatty acids
They are an important component of the cellular membrane
Particularly when dealing with nerve and muscle cells

134
Q

What is a steroid?

A

It is a derivative of a lipid
Its main component is the steroid nucleus
It is involved in many structural and functional roles

135
Q

What is a Prostaglandin?

A

It is a “Tissue hormone”; produced by cell membranes throughout the body

136
Q

Where was a prostaglandin first discovered?

A

It was first discovered in the prostate (hence the name)

137
Q

Where are prostaglandins formed and what do they do?

A

They are formed in the cell and released from the membrane due to stimulus

138
Q

What is a prostaglandin’s primary function

A

They have very limited effects and then become inactive
Examples
They help regulate the effects of hormones
They influence BP and gastric secretions
They enhance the immune system and inflammatory response
They play a role in blood clotting and respiration

139
Q

What is a Nucleic Acid?

A 
It is a large, complex, organic compound that contains:
C - Carbon
H - Hydrogen
O - Oxygen
N - Nitrogen
P - Phosphorous
140
Q

What is their (nucleotides) function

A

They are the building blocks, which contains a 5-carbon sugar (pentose), a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group

141
Q

What are the two types of nucleotides?

A

DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid

RNA - Ribonucleic Acid

142
Q

What is Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)?

A

It is the genetic material of the cell

143
Q

What is a DNA molecule constructed of?

A

Sugar: Deoxyribose

N Bases:

  • Adenine
  • Thymine
  • Cytosine
  • Guanine

Phosphate Group

144
Q

What is the composition of DNA?

A

The sugar and phosphate are the anchors for the N bases

145
Q

What does DNA look like?

A

It is two chains that are loosely joined with an H bond and twisted into a double helix

146
Q

What constitutes one DNA molecule?

A

A specific sequence of more than 100 million base pairs constitute one human DNA molecule

147
Q

What is DNA’s function

A

The molecule of heredity

148
Q

What is the function of Ribonucleic Acid?

A

It is has several functions in the synthesis of proteins in the cells

149
Q

What is Ribonucleic Acid made from?

A

Sugar: Ribose

N Bases:

  • Adenine
  • Uracil
  • Cytosine
  • Guanine
150
Q

What does RNA look like?

A

It is a single strand

151
Q

What is the Transcription of RNA?

A

It is where a strand of RNA forms along a strand of DNA
This strand of RNA becomes mRNA
It is released out of nucleus and carries its message to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

152
Q

What is the Translation of RNA?

A

mRNA attracts small and large ribosomes subunits
tRNA picks up an amino acid floating freely in the cytoplasm
Then attaches in to ribosomes/RNA complex in a specific sequence

153
Q

What is ATP?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

154
Q

What is ATP created from?

A

Ribose - a pentose sugar
Adenine - nitrogen containing molecule
Three phosphate subunits

155
Q

What are Nucleotides?

A

They have the following roles in the body:
They hare high energy bonds present between phosphate groups
Cleavage of high energy bonds releases energy during carabolic reactions
Energy stored in ATP is used to do the body’s work
ATP often called energy currency of the cells
ATP is split into adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and an inorganic phosphate group by a special enzyme
If ATP is depleted during prolonged exercise, creatine phosphate (CP) or ADP can be used for energy

156
Q

What are Combined Forms?

A

They are large molecules can be joined together to form even larger molecules

157
Q

What does a Combined Form do?

A

It gives the molecules a completely different function

158
Q

What are some examples of Combined Forms

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Lipoproteins
Glycoproteins

Chemistry (1 decks)

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