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Chemistry > Chemistry of the Atmosphere (unit 10) > Flashcards

Chemistry of the Atmosphere (unit 10) Flashcards

1
Q

What is a finite resource?

A
  • a resource that will run out
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2
Q

What is a renewable resource?

A
  • A resource that can be RE-grown/ REnewed+ will NOT run out when used up at a given rate.
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3
Q

What is Sustainable development?

A
  • development that meets the needs of current generations without COMPRIMISING the NEEDS of FUTURE generations
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4
Q

What is potable water?

A
  • water that is safe to drink
  • but also contains dissolved substances
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5
Q

What is pure water?

A
  • water that is just H2O molecules and nothing else
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6
Q

What is Desalination?

A
  • removing the salt from water by distillation or reverse osmosis
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7
Q

What is Sterilisation?

A
  • killing bacteria+ microbes in water
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8
Q

What are some examples of sterilising agents for potable water?

A
  • chlorine
  • ozone
  • ultraviolet light
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9
Q

+what is an extra point about distillation?

What is distillation?

A
  • the evaporation of a liquid from a solution , followed by condensation
  • distillation uses a lot of energy
  • so it is expensive
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10
Q

What is reverse osmosis?

what is an extra point about osmosis?

A
  • a process that uses high pressure and membranes to remove salt
  • Reverse Osmosis requires a lot of energy
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11
Q

What is Effluent?

LWS,discharged, R and S

A
  • liquid waste sewage that has been discharged into rivers and seas.
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12
Q

What is Sludge?

what can it be used for (2 things)

A
  • solid sewage waste

- can be used as FERTILISER
- or BURNED to produce electricity

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13
Q

what does LCA stand for?

+ what does it do?

A
  • stands for life cycle assessment
  • is a way of assessing the impact of the production, transport, use+ disposal of a product on the environment
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14
Q

What does an LCA do?

A

it assesses the impact of production, transport, use and disposal of a product on the environment.

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15
Q

How is potable water produced?

A

1) by choosing an appropriate source of fresh water
OR
2) by passing the water through filter beds
OR
3) through STERILISATION

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16
Q

1) what might sewage and agricultural waste require?
2) what other type of water might require this?

A

-it might require the removal of organic matter+ harmful microbes.
- industrial waste water

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17
Q

List 4 examples of sewage treatment
1) s+gr
2) s- (when c is added to precipitate to p ss+ e)
3) abt of e
4) an-d of ss

A

1) screening and grit removal
2) sedimentation ( when chemicals are added to a precipitate to dissolve matter) - in order to produce sewage sludge and effluent
3)aerobic biological treatment of effluent
4) anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge

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18
Q

Why are alternative methods for extracting metals needed?

A

they may be more
- environmentally friendly
- efficient
- cost effective
they may also
- may help conserve resources
- may help reduce waste

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19
Q

What are some examples of alternative methods for extracting metal?

A

1) Phytomining- mining by using plants to absorb metal compounds
2) Bioleaching- mining which uses bacteria to produce leachate solutions that contain metal compounds.

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20
Q

What is an alternative way to extract copper in particular?

A

phytomining and bioleaching

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21
Q

What is corrosion?

A
  • corrosion is the destruction of materials by chemical reactions of substances in the environment.
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22
Q

What is an example of corrosion?

A
  • rusting.
23
Q

What is necessary for iron to rust?

A

water + air

24
Q

How can corrosion be prevented?

A
  • by applying a coating that acts as a barrier- eg, greasing, painting or electroplating
25
Q

What is an alloy?

A

a metal compound made by combining 2 or more metals together

26
Q

why are alloys made?

A

to give greater strength or resistance to corrosion.

27
Q

what is Displacement?

A
  • a chemical reaction i
  • in which a more reactive element
  • displaces a less reactive element from its compound
28
Q

What is electrolysis?

A
  • The splitting up of an ionic compound
  • using electricity
29
Q

How does electrolysis work?

A
  • an electric current is passed through a substance,
    -causing chemical reactions at the electrodes - and the decomposition of the materials
30
Q

What is electroplating?

A
  • electroplating is the process
  • of coating a metal with a thin layer of another metal
  • by electrolysis
  • to improve the metal’s corrosion resistance
31
Q

What is galvanisation?

A
  • a process used to protect against corrosion by coating the metal with a protective layer of zinc
32
Q

What is Ground Water?

A
  • water that is held underground in the soil+ crevices of rocks
33
Q

What are NPK fertilisers?

A
  • fertilisers that contain compounds of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium
34
Q

What do NPK fertilisers do?

A
  • improve agricultural productivity
35
Q

what compound provides the nitrogen in NPK fertilisers?

A
  • ammonia
36
Q

what salt is produced from ammonia?

A

an ammonium salt

37
Q
A
38
Q

what is the word equation+ symbol equation for the reaction with ammonia?

A

ammonia+ sulfuric acid—> ammonium salt
2NH3 + H2SO5—–> (NH4)2 SO4

39
Q

why are ammonium salts a good source of nitrogen?

A
  • the salts are soluble in water
  • and therefore can be absorbed into the root to get into the plant tissue
40
Q

what is the difference between fertilisers made in the lab and fertilisers made in industry?

A

Industry processes are done on a large scale

41
Q

How are fertilisers produced in industry?

A

ammonia + sulfuric acid reacted at 60 degrees Celsius

42
Q

How are fertilisers produced in the lab?

A

1) ammonia and sulfuric acid are titrated to determine the end point (neutralisation point) using an indicator.
2) the process is repeated using the same quantities, but no indicator.
3) some of the water is evaporated from the solution
4) until crystals of ammonium salt {(NH4)2 SO4} form

43
Q

Why can’t crystallisation be used in industry?

A
  • it is a slow process
44
Q

what 3 substances can be mined to be used for fertilisers/ in fertiliser production?

A
  • phosphate rocks
  • potassium chloride
  • potassium sulphate
45
Q

What do you need to do to phosphate rocks to convert it into a substance that can be used for fertilisers?

A
  • phosphate rocks are insoluble
  • it needs to be reacted with acid to make soluble phosphorus compounds
46
Q

What is sacrificial protection?

A
  • the protection of iron or steel against corrosion by using a more reactive metal
  • zinc is usually the sacrifice.
47
Q

what is borosilicate glass?

A
  • glass that is made from sand and boron trioxide
48
Q

What is the difference between Borosilicate glass and soda-lime glass?

A

Borosilicate glass melts at higher temperatures than soda-lime glass

49
Q

What is soda- lime glass?

A
  • glass that is made by heating a mixture of sand, sodium carbonate and limestone
50
Q

What are composites?

A
  • composites are made from 2 materials
  • a matrix surrounded by reinforcement
51
Q

What is sterilisation?

A
  • a process used to remove bacteria or living microorganisms from something
  • used in the treatment of water
52
Q

What is the Haber Process?

A
  • the process used to manufacture ammonia from hydrogen and nitrogen gas.
53
Q

what is a thermosetting polymer and what is a thermosoftening polymer?

A

thermosetting polymer= do not melt when heated
thermosoftening polymer = melt when heated and can be remoulded into different shapes

Chemistry (1 decks)

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