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Pharmacology > Chemotherapy > Flashcards

Chemotherapy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of cancer treatment?

A

Surgery
Irradiation
Drugs (chemo)

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2
Q

What are the challenges to treating cancer?

A

May be asymptomatic
Hard to find primary site
Cancer cells similar to normal cells
Therapy toxic to normal tissue

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3
Q

What are the 3 ABC compartments in a solid tumour?

A

A-dividing cells
B-Resting cells (G0) phase capable of dividing
C-cells no longer dividing

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4
Q

Cells in which compartment are susceptible to most cytotoxic drugs?

A

A

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5
Q

What is the aim of chemotherapy?

A

Kill all malignant cells

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6
Q

What are the toxic effects of chemotherapy?

A 
Bone marrow suppression
Impaired wound healing
Loss of hair
Damage to GI epithelium
Growth stunt
Sterility
Teratogenicity
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7
Q

What are the 4 classes of anticancer drugs?

A

Cytotoxic
Hormones
Monoclonal antibodies
Protein kinase inhibitors

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8
Q

How do cytotoxic drugs such as alkylating, antimetabolites, antibiotics and plant derivatives work?

A

Block DNA synthesis

Prevent cell division

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9
Q

How do hormones and their antagonists work?

A

Suppress opposing hormone secretion

Inhibit action

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10
Q

How do monoclonal antibodies work?

A

Target specific cancer cells

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11
Q

How do protein kinase inhibitors work?

A

Block cell signalling pathways in rapidly dividing cells

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12
Q

In which phase do alkylating agents target cells?

A

S phase

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13
Q

How do alkylating agents work?

A

From covalent bonds with DNA which prevents uncoiling and inhibits replication

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14
Q

What are the side effects of alkylating agents?

A

Sterility

Non lymphocytic leukaemia

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15
Q

What are the 3 classes of alkylating agents?

A

Nitrogen mustards
Nitrosoureas
Platinum compounds

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16
Q

What nitrogen mustard was the 1st anti cancer drug?

A

Mechlorethamine

17
Q

What are some examples of nitrogen mustards?

A 
Cyclophosphamide
Melphalan
Chlorambucil
Bendamustine
Estramustine
18
Q

What is a prodrug?

A

Metabolised (converted) within the body to become a pharmacologically active drug

19
Q

How is cyclophosphamide administered?

A

Orally

20
Q

Where is cyclophosphamide activated?

A

Liver

21
Q

What does cyclophosphamide become once metabolised?

A

Phosphoramide mustard & Acrolein

22
Q

What can acrolein lead to?

A

Haemorrhagic cystitis

23
Q

Nitrosoureas are highly lipophilic and can therefore do what?

A

Cross blood brain barrier

24
Q

Due to the fact that nitrosoureas can cross the blood brain barrier, they are suitable for treating what?

A

Brain tumours

25
Q

How is carmustine (BCNU) administered?

A

I.V

26
Q

How is lomustine (CCNU) administered?

A

Orally

Pharmacology (7 decks)

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