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Applied Pharmacology > Chemotherapy Drugs > Flashcards

Chemotherapy Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What is cancer?

A

Normal cell > uncontrolled proliferation > tumour > loss of function/ability to metastasize.

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2
Q

What causes cancer?

A

DNA mutation of a normal cell.

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3
Q

What regulates cell growth?

A

Growth factors, Cell cycle, apoptotic genes, telomeres.

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4
Q

What do Oncogenes do?

A

produce large amounts of normal proteins to enhance cell survival and proliferation instead of killing.

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5
Q

What is Metastasis?

A

Primary tumour > enzymes breakdown ECM > invade tissue > angiogenesis > secondary tumour.

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6
Q

Objectives of cancer treatment…

A

cure, eliminate cancer traces, prolong life, palliative therapy.

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7
Q

What is Chemotherapy?

A

kill malignant cells in the body as immune system fails to recognise them as foreign.

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8
Q

Side effects of Chemotherapy?

A

Affects all rapidly dividing tissue, bone marrow suppression, impairs wound healing, hair loss, GI epithelium damage, stunts growth, infertility, teratogenicity, bleeding, bruising.

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9
Q

Mechanism of Alkylating Agents…

A

Target cell in S phase to form covalent bond with DNA and prevent uncoiling/inhibit replication.

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10
Q

Examples of Alkylating Agents…

A

Busulifan - bone marrow selective.
Procarbazine - Hodgkins, hypersensitivity rash.
Trabectedin - soft tissue sarcoma, advanced ovarian cancer, hepatotoxic.

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11
Q

Examples of Nitrogen Mustards….

A

Mechlorethamine - reactive IV
Cyclophosphamide - oral, leukaemia, lymphoma, melon, retino/neuroblastoma
Melphalan - multiple myeloma, child neuroblastoma
Chlorambucil/Bendamustine/Estramustine - oestrogen analogue.

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12
Q

Examples of Nitrosoureas…

A

Carmustine BCNU -, IV multiple myeloma, non-hodgkin lymphoma, brain tumours
lomustine CCNE - hodgkins, malignant melanoma.

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13
Q

Examples of Platinum Compounds…

A

Cisplatin - potent alkylator bind RNA DNA protein purine bases. testicular/ovarian cancer IV.
Carboplatin - outpatient, myelotoxic
Oxaliplatin - colorectal cancer with fluoroeracil

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14
Q

Side Effects of Platinum Compounds…

A

nephrotocix, n&v, tinnitus, peripheral neuropathy, hyperuricaema, anaphylaxis.

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15
Q

Use of Folate Antagonists…

A

Essential for DNA synthesis/cell division.

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16
Q

Examples of Folate Antagonists…

A

Methotrexate - oral IV IM, low lipid solubility. treats childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, choriocarcinoma, non-hodkgins.

NSAIDS - reduce excretion, increase toxicity, tumour cells develop resistance.

17
Q

Mechanism of Pyrimidine Analogues…

A

Compete with C and T bases and inhibit DNA synthesis.

18
Q

Examples of Pyrimidine Analogues…

A

Flurouracil - solid tumour
Capecitabine - colon, myloblastic leukaemia.
Cytarabine - myeloblastic leukaemia
Gemcitabine - palliative, pancreatic/bladder/ovarian/breast

19
Q

Mechanism of Purine Analogues…

A

Compete with A and G to inhibit purine metabolism

20
Q

Examples of Purine Analogues…

A

Mercaptopurine, Tioguanine, Pentostatin, Fludarabine

21
Q

Examples of Cytotoxic Antibiotics…

A

Doxorubicin - bind to DNA, inhibit synthesis. inhibits topoisomerase II. treats myeloblastic leukaemia 450g/m.
Bleomycin - degrades preformed DNA, active against non-dividing cells. treats metastatic germ cell cancer.

22
Q

Side effects of cytotoxic antibiotics…

A

cardiac disarythmias, heart failure, myelosuppression, pulmonary fibrosis, mucocutaneous reactions, hyperpyrexia.

23
Q

Mechanism of Plant Derivatives…

A

prevent polymerisation of tubular > microtubules > prevent spindle formation.
effect occurs during M phase

24
Q

Examples of Plant Derivatives…

A 
Vinca Alkaloids (Vincristine, Vinblastine, Vindesine) 
Texans (Paclitaxel, Docetaxel) - treat breast and ovarian cancer.
Etoposide - testicular cancer/lymphomas / small cell carcinoma of bronchi
25
Q

Side effects of plant derivatives…

A

neuromuscular effects, tingling, abode cramp, jaw pain, rapid fall in blood during IV.

26
Q

Use of hormones…

A

tissue growth inhibited by R antagonists, hormones with opposing actions block synthesis of endogenous hormones.

27
Q

Examples of hormones used…

A

Oestrogen (Ethinyloestradiol, Diethylstilbestrol) - androgen dependent prostate cancer. stimulate mammary cells to proliferate.
Progestogen (Megestol, Medroxyprogesterone, Norethisterone) - endometrial cancer.
GnRH Analogue (Hoserelin, Buserelin, Leuproeli, Triptorelin) - prostate/breast cancer post menopause.
Somatostatin Analogue (Octreotide, Lanreotide) -inhibit CCK gastrin secretion.
Hormone antagonists (Tamoxifen, Eulyestrant) - breast cancer. (Letrozole, Exemastine) (Flumatide, Cyproterone, Bicalutamode) - prostate cancer.
Glucocorticoids (prednisolone, dexamethasone)

28
Q

Mechanism of Monoclonal Antibodies / Immunotherapy…

A

produced by cultured hybridoma cells, react with target protein on cancer cells to activate immune system causing lysis of cancer.

29
Q

Examples of Monoclonal Antibodies…

A

Rituximab - B-lymphocyte.
Trastumab
Ofactumumab - resistant chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
Bevacizumab - colorectal cancer.

30
Q

Mechanism of Protein Kinase Inhibitor…

A

Imatinib, Dasatinib, Nilotinib.
block tyrosinekinases in GF signal pathways.
treat chronic myeloid leukaemia.

31
Q

Drugs that control side effects…

A

N&V - ondansetron, granisetron, metoclopramide.

Anxiety - Lorazepam, benzodiazepine.

Applied Pharmacology (13 decks)

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