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English language > Child language aquisition > Flashcards

Child language aquisition Flashcards

1
Q

What were David Crystals contributions?

A

-Importance of 1st year
-a child can say 300 words by 3

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2
Q

What are features of the pre-language stage? (0-3 months)

A

-crying/cooing to express needs
-little control of muscles
-voice box not properly in place
-responds to physical stimuli
-parents have an essential role in their future language development,motivating them to make sounds
-babies are aware of language

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3
Q

What are the features of the babbling stage (3-12 months)

A

-babies make all the sounds they’re capable of as its throat and jaw muscles develop
-babies babble over 100 lone sounds

-during early babbling the voicebox is moving into position,baby begins to make voiced sounds

-later babbling,sounds are reduced to words they hear,requires spoken langauge around them

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4
Q

what are mands?

A

random sounds babies make

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5
Q

what are tacts?

A

when adults give these sounds meanings

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6
Q

whats an echoic response?

A

-a development of tacts
-e.g baby makes a sound ‘da’ adult repeats sound,then baby repeats sound and is praised by adult

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7
Q

what is the holophrastic stage? (12-18 months)

A

-babies start to form proto-words

-first words are mainly nouns and social interjections

-using some verbs and prepositions?

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8
Q

What are proto-words (holophrastic)

A

babies start to create what will eventually be a fully formed word e.g rayray for raisin

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9
Q

what is under-extension (holophrastic)

A

-not understanding that a word can have more than 1 meaning

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10
Q

what is over-extension? (holophrastic)

A

-not understanding that there’s limits to labels

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11
Q

What is a morpheme?

A

smallest unit of grammer

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12
Q

what is a free morpheme?

A

a unit that can stand independently and be meaningful on its own

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13
Q

what is a bound morpheme?

A

a morpheme that can only have meaning when attached to a free morpheme

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14
Q

Who coined the term naming explosion?

A

aitchson

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15
Q

what are nelson catagories of first words?

A

-naming
-action
-social
-modifying
-entities
-properties
-actions
-personal social

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16
Q

what are the functions of childs language? (pragmatics)

A

-asking for something
-expressing feelings or emotions
-referring to themselves
-asking about something

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17
Q

how can neurodiversity impact language?

A

-some babies born with autism can’t take part in echoic response or are stuck in it

-productive lexicon:either have an extensive vocab or limited one

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18
Q

What is behaviourism? (skinner)

A

learning in an environment of stimulus,rewards and punishments

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19
Q

What is positve reinforcement? (skinner)

A

providing a reward to increase the likelihood of a behaviour

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20
Q

What is negative reinforcement? (skinner)

A

removing an unpleasent stimulus to decrease the behaviour

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21
Q

What is langauge aquisition? (skinner)

A

-children are conditioned to learn language,parents play a crucial role in their development

22
Q

What is immitation? (skinner)

A

-children imitate speech sounds and words from caregivers
-if imitation is rewarded learning takes place

23
Q

Evidence in favour of skinner?

A

-parilingustics and prosodics must be imitated

-early vocab is made up of imitated labels
-children develop accents

24
Q

evidence against skinner?

A

-children apply rules they can’t of learn’t from adults and form their own utterances

25
Q

what are skinners schedules of reinforcement?

A

Fixed-ratio:responses reinforced after a set number of responses

Variable ratio:responses reinforced after unspecified or unpredictable number of responses

Fixed interval;responses reinforced over a specific amount of time

Variable interval:responses reinforced after an unspecified or unpredictable amount of time

26
Q

What was Bard and Sach’s input theory?

A

-tests the role of interaction in the development of langauge

-studied jim a child with 2 deaf parents,who was delayed in his speech

27
Q

What was Berko-gleason’s test? (counter to skinner)

A

wug test-demonstrates awareness of patterns

-skinner ignores the use of virtous errors

28
Q

What is the sensorimoter stage? piaget

A

-from birth-2 years

-the world is understood through movements and sensations

-babies learn about object permeance

-begin to understand their actions have an affect on whats around them

29
Q

What is the preoperational stage? piaget

A

-2 to 7 years

-children begin to learn words and use pics to represent objects

-language improves but thinking is still concrete

30
Q

What is the concrete operational stage? piaget

A

-7-11
-children begin to understand the concept of conversation

-still struggle with abstract concepts

31
Q

What is the formal operational stage? piaget

A

-11 to 12 years
-begins to think more abstractly

-begins to think about moral,ethical and political issues

-begins to use deductive logic

32
Q

what is nativism? Chomsky

A

-basic concepts of language are innate

-language aquisition device and universal grammer

-direct opposition to behaviourism

33
Q

what were Pinker’s contributions to behaviourism?

A

-speech perception in children

-principles and parameters theory

34
Q

What was lennenburgs critical period hypothesis? supports nativism

A

-language is only possible within a specific timeframe

35
Q

what are some criticisms of chomskys nativism?

A

-bard and sachs study on Jim
-feral children don’t develop language

36
Q

Why is parental input important? bruner social interaction

A

-parental input helps create shared meanings

-social interaction helps to shape a child’s understanding of language

37
Q

how is social interactionism connected to nativism? Bruner

A

-builds on nativism aknowledges a pre-disposition to language aquisition

38
Q

What does LASS mean? Bruner

A

language aquisition support system

39
Q

What is scaffolding? Bruner

A

support and guidance provided by parents and teachers to help develop a child’s language skills

40
Q

what are proto-conversations? Bruner

A

early stage of conversation before the child becomes an effective language producer

-may include non-verbal responses

41
Q

what is framing? bruner

A

-controlling the agenda of a conversation

-making utterances and allowing children to fill out the blanks

42
Q

What is recasting? Bruner

A

-rephrasing and extending a childs utterance

43
Q

What is child directed speech? Bruner

A

-using high pitch and elongated vowel sounds to make their language more accessible

44
Q

What is Vygotsky’s scaffolding theory?

A

-idea of the zone of proximal development a child is able to complete with guidence

45
Q

how is the z.p.d developed? Vygotsky

A

-children begin to use proper syntax and vocabulary

-first a child observes interactions between other people and then adopts these behaviours

46
Q

What is Catagorical Overextension? Rescorla

A

-using one word to refer to all types of words

-e.g apple for all types of fruit

47
Q

What is analogical over-extension?

A

-when a word is related to its perception or its function
e.g fluffy scarf might be called cat

48
Q

What are Halliday’s 7 functions of language?

A

-instrumental:expressing needs
-regulatory:telling others what to do
-interactional:forming relationships
-personal
-Heuristic:environment
-imaginative
-representational

49
Q

Roger Brown’s two word utterances

A

1.Doer/agent and action
2.action and affected
3.Entity and location
4.posseser and possesion

50
Q
A

English language (5 decks)

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