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History > USA + China > Flashcards

USA + China Flashcards

1
Q

Ruler of Qing Dynasty

A

Emperor

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2
Q

Emperor of the Qing Dynasty (4)

A

ruler of China

lived in the Forbidden City in Beijing

had the Mandate of Heaven

not to be challenged

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3
Q

The Mandate of Heaven (2)

A

idea that fate had given the emperor authority to rule

the emperor’s actions kept the natural laws of harmony

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4
Q

Main ethnic groups in China (4)

A

Han (90%)

Manchu

Mongol

Tibetan

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5
Q

Manchu of China (3)

A

ruled China

came from Manchuria

developed imperial system based on Confucius - people should accept their class in society + obey emperor

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6
Q

Mandarins of China (2)

A

class which run government

students of Confucius

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7
Q

Reasons why China began to Decline by the early 20th Century (3)

A

opium wars

1894 - Japan defeats China in war and takes Korea

France seized territory in south

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8
Q

Chinese people’s opinions on the Manchu (2)

A

resented political power of Manchu

remained obedient due to Chinese culture

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9
Q

Western Influence in China 19th Century (2)

A

westerners brought missionaries to spread religion (Christianity, Buddhism) + technology

Qing allowed westerners to exploit China’s economic resources

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10
Q

Impact of Western influence on China during 19th Century (2)

A

resentment to foreigners + government

Chinese public believed foreigners had to go for China to be restored to greatness

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11
Q

Reasons for the Boxer Uprising/Rebellion 1899 (3)

A

1898 - Emperor Guangxu tried to modernise government -> opposed by his aunt, Empress Dowager Cixi who seized control of government and ended reforms

Chinese hated foreigners

Cixi encouraged attacks on foreigners

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12
Q

The Boxer Rebellion 1899 (5)

A

late 1890s - chinese secret group (Boxers) attack foreigners + Chinese Christians

westerners retreat to British legation which is sieged by Boxers

supported by Cixi who declared war on foreigners

Westerners raise international force to break siege

boxers executed + Cixi and emperor flee disguised as peasants

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13
Q

Impact of Boxer Rebellion 1899 (4)

A

showed how government could not free China from foreigners - unpopular

western powers demand 67 million pounds in reparations

foreign soldiers placed around Beijing

westerners destroyed China’s military fortifications + weapons

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14
Q

Reasons for Reforms + Self-Strengthening 1902-1911 (2)

A

ensure survival of Qing dynasty

believed reforms would re-establish China’s power

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15
Q

Qing Reforms 1902-1911 (6)

A

1905 : weakening of Mandarin domination of government

nationalisation of railways - greater control for Qing government

educational reforms + scholarship options for students to study abroad

1908 : creation of new army under Manchu control

1909 : introduction of provincial assemblies with limited right to vote

1910 - 1911 : established National Consultative Council to advise government

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16
Q

Reasons for 1911 Revolution (5)

A

weak government

failure of political reforms

consequences of army reform

spread of revolutionary ideas

resentment over nationalisation of railways

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17
Q

How a weak government led to 1911 Chinese Revolution (3)

A

Guangxu + Cixi dead

Emperor Puyi is 2

Prince Chun attempts to rule but is inexperienced + does not provide strong government

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18
Q

How the failure of the political reforms lead to 1911 Chinese revolution (3)

A

too little + late

Han resented government as Manchus dominated National Consultative Council

limits on provincial assemblies called for faster reform which the government failed to do

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19
Q

How the consequences of the army reform led to 1911 Chinese Revolution (3)

A

expensive - Chun increased taxes

heavy taxes were unpopular

Chun dismisses Yuan Shikai, creating an enemy to the dynasty

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20
Q

How the spread of revolutionary ideas led to 1911 Chinese Revolution (2)

A

Sun Yat-sen believed Qing had to be overthrown for China to modernise + brought ideas of nationalism

ideas spread among young Chinese men

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21
Q

How the nationalisation of China’s railways led to 1911 Chinese Revolution (3)

A

nationalisation increased Manchu control in provinces

owners angry after not receiving full compensation for giving ownership

anger after Qing government paid for expansion of railways by borrowing money from Westerners

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22
Q

Events of 1911 Revolution (6)

A

young revolutionaries accidentally explode bomb in Hankou - caused start of revolt

soldiers in Wuhan start mutiny which spread to other provinces

Han soldiers oppose Manchu control + kill Manchu troops

Yuan shikai agrees to stop rebellion for government –> switches sides to support rebels when he reaches Wuhan

Yuan Shikai put as leader

returns to Beijing to form Han government

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23
Q

Results of 1911 Revolution (4)

A

Sun Yat-sen returns to China and offered position of president

Yuan Shikai persuades Sun Yat-sen to allow him to be president - promised to persuade Manchus to abdicate + replace imperial system with republic

Sun agrees as he does not have military support to resist Yuan

Yuan organises abdication of Puyi

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24
Q

Yuan Shikai as a ruler 1912 - 1916 (7)

A

rules as dictator

unpopular with Guomindang (Sun Yat-Sen’s party)

military governors in provinces feared that they would lose authority if Shikai continued ruling

1915 - attempts to make himself emperor

1915 - accepts Japan’s 21 Demands

1915 - army revolts against Yuan and forces him to abandon being an emperor

1916 - dies of stroke

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25
Q

Chinese Warlord Era 1916-1927 (2)

A

conflict between generals (warlords) over control of China after Yuan’s death

rulers of their own provinces

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26
Q

Impact of Warlord Era for Chinese people (2)

A

suffering

no central government to provide aid during droughts + flooding caused people to turn to revolutionary ideas

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27
Q

Japan’s 21 Demands (3)

A

demands on China which gave Japan control over Chinese territory

forced China to appoint Japanese political + military advisers

forced China to buy Japanese weapons

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28
Q

Reasons for the May the 4th Movement

A

Treaty of Versailles - German territories in China given to Japan instead of China

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29
Q

May the 4th Movement 1919 (4)

A

students from Beijing University protest in Tiananmen Square

call on government to resist humiliating treatment of China

movement spreads

government refuses to sign treaty

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30
Q

Sun Yatsen’s 3 principles of the people (3)

A

National Freedom : remove foreigners + restore Chinese nationalism

The Democracy Principle : Chinese people control government through elections

People’s Welfare : solve poverty by developing government-owned industries + protecting native industry from foreigners

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31
Q

Development of the Guomindang (GMD) 1919 -1925 (3)

A

created by Sun to follow his 3 principles

1924 - Sun creates Whampoa Military Academy to train GMD soldiers and overthrow Warlords

1925 - Chiang replaces him when he dies of cancer

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32
Q

Russian Bolshevik government contribution to Development of GMD 1919-1924 (4)

A

Joffe organises negotiations

Borodin helps to reorganise GMD as mass party with a powerful central leadership

Borodin provides large quantity of arms

Borodin approves Chiang Kai-shek becoming commander of the GMD

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33
Q

Formation of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) (3)

A

founded in secret in girls’ school in Shanghai

Chen Duxui (member of May 4th Movement) elected as general secretary

Mao Zedong later becomes CCP leader

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34
Q

Why the USSR supported the GMD (4)

A

wanted to encourage spread of communism

CCP too small to achieve revolution (50 members when founded)

GMD’s “3 principles” similar to communist ideas

China not ready for Marxist revolution - majority of population peasants rather than workers

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35
Q

USSR influence in China 1920s (2)

A

encouraged CCP to work with GMD

USSR provided funds to GMD

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36
Q

CCP and GMD common aims (3)

A

destroy warlords

expel foreigners from China

improve lives of Chinese people

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37
Q

The Northern Expedition 1926-1928 (4)

A

United front fought warlords + took control of China

Chiang drove warlord Zhang out of Beijing

Chiang declared the GMD the official Chinese government

moved capital from Beijing to Nanjing

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38
Q

Reasons for the United Front victory (3)

A

strength + tactics of United Front army superior to warlord army

Communists gained support of peasants

Chiang bribed warlords + allowed them to keep their armies if they submitted to the GMD

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39
Q

Reasons for The Shanghai Massacres 1927 (3)

A

Chiang suspicious of communists

GMD relied on funds from businessmen and would never accept communism

Chiang from rich class

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40
Q

The Shanghai Massacres 1927 (3)

A

white terror - Chiang’s troops kill communists in China (more than 5000 communists killed)

Chiang supported by Shanghai industrialists

attacks spread to other areas

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41
Q

Result of Shanghai Massacres 1927 (2)

A

Mao and his supporters flee to mountains of Jiangxi province

set up communist government in Jiangxi

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42
Q

First Extermination Campaign 1930/1934 (2)

A

Chiang gathers 44,000 NRA troops to surround + destroy communists

failure - communists do not fight face to face, instead trick NRA into entering their territory and lay traps for them

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43
Q

Second (3rd + 4th) Extermination Campaign 1931/1934 (5)

A

Chiang leads 100,000 troops against CCP

slow movement of Chiang’s troops allowed CCP to escape

Chiang met opposition from peasants (due to violent actions of GMD, respect from CCP)

as a result, troops had too little to eat + unwilling to support Chiang find communists

extermination campaign failed

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44
Q

Fifth/Final Extermination Campaign 1933/1934 (4)

A

GMD blockade CCP + prevent food coming in

GMD surround Communists - builds roads for faster movement + provides shelter for NRA

GMD’s scorched earth policy force CCP to fight static war

CCP defeated and forced to flee Jiangxi

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45
Q

The Long March until Zunyi 1934-1935 (5)

A

80,000 Communists led by Zhou Enlai cross Gen River towards Guangxi

Zhou + warlord governer of Guandong agree to non-agression Pact and allow quick transit for communists

Chiang still had independent states in his reunified China

Chiang stops communists on Xiang River so they move west to Guizhou instead of linking up with communists in Hunan

1935 - Wu River crossed with bamboo rafts and Zunyi Captured

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46
Q

Zunyi Conference 1935 (2)

A

Mao appointed de facto leader

decided on new tactic of communists dividing + regrouping while moving in surprising directions

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47
Q

The Long March after Zunyi and until meeting with Zhang’s forces 1935 (5)

A

communists moved south then north to cross the Yangtze

Mao decides to join with another communist group under Zhang Guotao

communists cross the Dadu River

communists travel through Great Snow Mountains

meet with Zhang forces (50,000) - power struggle between Mao + Zhang

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48
Q

The Long March after meeting with Zhang untill end (4)

A

Mao wanted to cross bog while Zhang wanted to move west - Zhang returned to Mao after parting ways, increasing Mao’s position in CCP

many died crossing bog (drowned, froze)

defeated a force of GMD + stormed a fortress

reach Yan’an (only 5000 survive)

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49
Q

Negatives of Long March (3)

A

small number of communists survived

Chiang’s control of China seemed secure

no certainty that Yanan Soviet would survive

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50
Q

Positives of The Long March (4)

A

propaganda for communism

Mao’s position of leadership confirmed

won support of peasants as they marched

able to establish base at Yanan

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51
Q

Reasons for war with Japan 1937-1941 (2)

A

Chiang’s policy of allowing the Japanese to take land was unpopular with the people

policy could not continue once Japanese began full-scale occupation policy

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52
Q

Formation of the Second United front 1936

A

warlords pressured Chiang to work with communists to fight against Japan

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53
Q

CCP in Sino-Japanese War 1937-1945 (4)

A

grown from 40,000 in 1937 to 1.2 million by 1945

guerrilla tactics against Japanese

peasant support - informed position of Japanese + provided food and shelter

propaganda - communists seemed more determined to defend China than GMD, claimed that CCP saved China

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54
Q

GMD reasons for unpopularity (2)

A

GMD government dishonest

unpopular with peasants - high taxes + mistreated

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55
Q

GMD during Sino-Japanese War (4)

A

Chiang focused on attacking communists rather than Japanese

GMD guerilla warfare had little impact on Japanese

GMD army lacked the will to fight + loyalty

GMD areas heavily bombed

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56
Q

Outbreak of Civil War (4)

A

neither side prepared for civil war

Americans persuade GMD + CCP to stop fighting (worried that USSR might exploit China)

communists leave talks when Chiang tries to set up government giving total power to GMD

fighting breaks out

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57
Q

First Stage of the Chinese Civil War 1946 - 1947 (2)

A

GMD initially successful - captured cities in north

Communist develop successful guerilla tactics and capture northern Manchuria

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58
Q

Second Stage of Chinese Civil War 1947 - 1948 (3)

A

People’s Liberation Army (communist army) launch full-scall attacks of conventional warfare

push into central + western china while enjoying victories in Manchuria

GMD begins to weaken

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59
Q

Huai-Hai Campaign/Final Stage of Chinese Civil War 1948-1949 (3)

A

Chiang decides to make stand at Xuzhou - chiang lost northern china + wanted to prevent spread of communism

PLA strengthened - destroyed area surrounding Xuzhou so NRA did not have enough food, NRA deserters joined PLA

eventually surrender in 1949

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60
Q

End of Chinese Civil War 1946-1949 (4)

A

January 1949- took north including Beijing

September 1949 - took control of China

Mao declares new government People’s Republic of China (PRC) with himself as leader

Chiang flees to Taiwan and sets up GMD government

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61
Q

Military Reasons for CCP victory in the Civil War (3)

A

Mao was a skilled leader + allowed generals to provide strategy

PLA used guerilla warfare then conventional warfare once GMD was weakened

PLA was disciplined and gained support for communism through respect

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62
Q

Military Reasons for GMD loss in Civil War (3)

A

Chiang poor military leader

Tactical errors - sent troops into Manchuria who could not be supplied as GMD did not control rest of north-eastern China (500,000 dead)

NRA unorganised - poorly supplied + treated

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63
Q

Political Reasons for CCP victory in Civil War (4)

A

communism attracted local support

political unity - Mao leadership unchallenged + prevented disputes

impression of democratic dictatorship - local populations involved in discussions of reforms

propaganda - spread communist ideas + won over peasant population

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64
Q

Political Reasons for GMD loss in Civil War (4)

A

GMD government corrupt + unskilled

Chiang promised to implement Sun’s 3 principles but did not happen

dictatorship favoured china’s high class

GMD could not raise enough taxes to fund government + introduce effective reforms

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65
Q

Economic and Social Reasons for CCP victory in Civil War (2)

A

support from peasants - land reforms

support of middle class - CCP loyalty to China demonstrated when it resisted Japan

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66
Q

Economic and Social Reasons for GMD loss in Civil War (2)

A

inflation - Chiang printed money to fund government, losing support of middle class

no support from peasants

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67
Q

Agrarian Reform Law 1950 (2)

A

property of large landlords given to peasants

property of enemies of state confiscated

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68
Q

Impact of Agrarian Reform Law 1950 (2)

A

landlords execute + beat up

destruction of high class + introduction of communism

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69
Q

Mutual Aid Team 1950-1952 (4)

A

consisted of 10 or fewer households

peasants encouraged to share equipment + work to farm land

land still owned individually by peasants

40% of peasants in Mutual Aid Teams by end of 1952

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70
Q

Agricultural Producers Co-operatives (APCs) 1952-1955

A

APC - large unit that included labour + equipement of 3-5 mutual aid tems

encouraged by Mao as he believed it was the most effective way of producing food

created demand for machinery which boosted industry + increased food production

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71
Q

Problems with the APCs (3)

A

richer peasants bought large sections of land + hired labour

communist officials forced peasants into APCs to combat this capitalism

peasant resistance - kill their products (animals, crops) than handing them to APC

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72
Q

Collectivisation (2) 1956-1958

A

collectives - farms of 2000-3000 households where all animals + equipment belonged to collective (no private ownership)

party would be able to direct produce to towns

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73
Q

Reason for Collectivisation

A

believed peasants were harming China by overeating instead of selling extra food to towns

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74
Q

Factors which contributed to Great Famine (5)

A

no incentive - peasants could not sell extra food for profit

Four Noes Campaign

Fear - Mao lied to about production

Drought + Flooding

Political pressure - peasants that tried to use traditional farming methods were denounced as enemies of the state

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75
Q

The Four Noes Campaign (2)

A

campaign to get rid of pests that ate crops

disrupted food chain and caused insects to eat more crop

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76
Q

Impact of Great Famine (2)

A

50 million deaths

parents sold children, husbands sold wives

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77
Q

First Five Year Plan 1952-1957 (3)

A

focused on expansion of coal, iron, steel

successful - urban population willing to work, China had many natural resources

building of road and bridge across Yangzi river

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78
Q

Achievements of First Five Year Plan (3)

A

coal production doubled

electric power production increased by 3 times

steep production increased by 4 times

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79
Q

Reasons for the Great Leap Forward/2nd 5 year plan 1958-1962 (5)

A

Mao wanted to end Chinese dependence on USSR

wanted to continue industrial progress started in first 5 year plan

Mao believed anything could be achieved if there was the will to succeed

believed communism better than capitalism

believed collectivisaion of agriculture would feed workers + produce could be sold to buy machinery

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80
Q

The Great Leap Forward 1958-1962 (4)

A

infrastructure built

CCP owned all businesses allowing CCP to control what was produced

furnaces set in backyards to produce steel

collectivisation supplied food for workers

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81
Q

Effects of Great Leap Forward (5)

A

collectivisation failed

productivity in businesses decreased as they had no incentive for profit

steel produced in backyard furnaces were poor quality

China not trained enough when soviet experts left China

Mao resigns

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82
Q

Treatment of Women during the Qing Dynasty (5)

A

properties of fathers + husbands

received little education

arranged marriage

could not vote

did not have right to divorce

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83
Q

1950 Marriage Law (5)

A

arranged marriage banned

minimum marriage age 18 for women and 20 for men

concubines forbidden

men and women had rights to divorce

women given property rights

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84
Q

1953 CCP Policies for women (2)

A

policies promoting birth control

training midwives to make childbirth safer

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85
Q

Social Life for Chinese Women in the 1950s (6)

A

peasants opposed marriage law

women who divorced treated as outcasts

average age of marriage rose

arranged marriages continued

resistance to birth control in rural areas

childbirth became safer

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86
Q

Economic changes for Chinese Women 1950s (4)

A

property rights did not last long

wife-selling during famine

literacy rose

proportion of women in workforce increased from 8% to 29%

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87
Q

Politics for Chinese Women 1950s (3)

A

acceptance that women could hold minor political roles

first Minister of Health + first Minister of Justice were women

1949 - 69 women elected to Central People’s Political Consultative Committee

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88
Q

Political Hierarchy within PRC government (5)

A

Head of CCP

Politburo

Central Committee of Party, State Council of National Government, PLA

National Government

Provincial Government

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89
Q

Define the Politburo (2)

A

carried out government of China under Mao

committee of 5 leading members of CCP

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90
Q

Define Mao thought (4)

A

oppose counter revolutionaries

mass mobilisation of people

constant class struggle

self-reliance

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91
Q

Explain opposing counter revolutionaries in Mao thought

A

preventing the rise of conflicting ideologies with communism

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92
Q

Explain mass mobilisation of the people in Mao thought

A

people should all work towards CCP policy + keep CCP in check

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93
Q

Explain constant class struggle in Mao thought (2)

A

ensure that communist revolution was maintained

prevent CCP from becoming ruling class

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94
Q

Explain self reliance in Mao thought (2)

A

wanted China to be independent communist country

wanted China to not be controlled by USSR

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95
Q

Threats to Mao’s rule 1951 (3)

A

GMD supporters –> sent to re-education camps

Large population –> forced people to register within their regions + obtain permission to move

Intellectuals educated abroad –> Thought Reform Campaign

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96
Q

Define the Thought Reform Campaign (3)

A

1951

forced intellectuals in unis to confess to errors in thinking

attended study sessions to re-educate Mao thought

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97
Q

Define the 3 Antis Campaign (3)

A

1951

targeted party members + bureaucrats

combated corruption, waste, inefficiency

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98
Q

Define the 5 Antis Campaign (3)

A

1952

targeted threats to CCP + Mao thought

wanted to end bribery, tax evasion, industrial sabotage, theft of state property

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99
Q

What happened during the Antis Campaigns (3)

A

mass meetings - loyal citizens denounced officials + employers who were guilty

denounced made public confessions –> punished by fine or labour camp

2-3 million commited sucide from humiliation

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100
Q

Impact of the Antis Campaigns (2)

A

increase in support for party

reduction of criminal activity in cities

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101
Q

Reasons for the Hundred Flowers Campaign (4)

A

Mao believed campaign would identify unloyal CCP members

lack of intellectual freedom prevented industrial development

1956 Hungary Revolution - what happens if people do not support gov.

criticisms on Stalin’s cult of personality aimed at Mao

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102
Q

Define the Hundred Flowers Campaign (5)

A

1957

encouraged citizens to write criticisms of the CCP

initially, criticisms were minor

mao assured citizens he wanted to hear their voice

ended campaign after shocked by intensity of criticisms

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103
Q

Impact of the Hundred Flowers Campaign for the people (4)

A

Anti-Rightist campaign

critics labelled as rightist + forced to confess evil thoughts

sent to re-education camps up to 20 years

500,000 - 1,000,000 victims

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104
Q

Impact of the Hundred Flowers Campaign for Mao and the CCP (2)

A

resigned as head of state but still leader of CCP –> allowed Mao to take credit for success but avoid blame for failure

Peng replaced by Biao as Defence Minister - criticised famine

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105
Q

Why the PRC maintained its relationship with the USSR after 1949 (2)

A

USSR provided military advisors to CCP against GMD

USSR was leading communist country in capitalist world

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106
Q

Mao’s relationship with Stalin (3)

A

suspicious of Stalin - originally supported GMD + encouraged Mao to be content with control northern China

respected Stalin as a communist

wanted military + economic aid from USSR

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107
Q

Define the Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance (4)

A

1950 - negotiations between 2 countries

promise of aid in event of attack

loan of 300 million USD

list of all USSR agents in China

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108
Q

Impact of Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance (3)

A

gave funding for China to modernise its economy

gave economic concessions in Chinese cities to USSR

provided 10,000 economic + military advisors

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109
Q

Agreements during Kruschev’s first visit to China (4)

A

1954

promised to help China develop nuclear programme

pulled out of Manchuria

offered generous trade package

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110
Q

USSR help to Chinese during Kruschev’s rule (3)

A

1958 - soviet scientists arrive

11,000 Chinese specialists + 1000 travel to USSR to train in new tech.

scientists help Chinese select Lop Nur salt lake for nuclear testing site + help build first Chinese nuclear reactor

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111
Q

Conflict between Mao and Kruschev (7)

A

1956 - Khruschev denounces Stalin’s cult of personality - indirect attack to Mao’s CUO

1958 - Moscow Conference

1959 - Khruschev calls Great Leap Forward foolish

1960 - Khruschev announces he will not send China any Nuclear Hardware

Mao angered by K’s suggestion of Sino-Soviet venture in Pacific - believed that USSR wanted to spy on China

Mao believed K was a revisionist + China was the only true communist

1962 - Mao accuses K of cowardice during Cuban Missile Crisis

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112
Q

Moscow Conference between China and Russia (3)

A

1958

Deng accuses Soviets of sending spies to China disguised as advisers

increased Deng’s political support + allowed him to survive during Cultural Revolution

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113
Q

China in 1960-1965 (3)

A

Liu and Deng take control after Mao steps down

imported grain, eased pressure on peasantry, slowed rush towards socialism

Mao concerned about changes + wanted a new revolution

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114
Q

Reasons for the Cultural Revolution (5)

A

wanted permanent revolution

provide a test for young people

prevent revolution being weakened by revisionists

remove opponents to CCP + Mao

remove bureaucrats motivated by power

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115
Q

Explain the desire for permanent revolution as a cause of the Cultural Revolution

A

wanted to make sure that old ideas did not undo changes of the CCP since 1949

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116
Q

Explain the test for young people as a cause of the Cultural Revolution

A

believed that young people did not struggle enough for them to identify with revolution

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117
Q

Explain the desire to remove bureaucrats as a cause of the Cultural Revolution (2)

A

believed China was run by bureaucrats not interested in revolution but privileges of power

feared that they would grow into new class of Mandarins

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118
Q

Explain the fear of revolution being weakened by revisionists as a cause of the Cultural Revolution (3)

A

opposed policies made by Deng + Liu

believed them to be capitalist sympathizers

wanted to remove revisionists in areas of culture and education to save revolution

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119
Q

Explain the presence of CCP opponents as a cause of the Cultural Revolution (2)

A

feared that opponents within CCP wanted to remove him

CR allowed him to destroy potential opposition

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120
Q

Events before the start of the Cultural Revolution (3)

A

1965 : forces Wu Han to resign from deputy major of Beijing - disproved of the play he wrote which could be seen as criticism of Mao

1966 - Mao establishes Central Cultural Revolution Group under Chen Boda,

1966 - begins CR with his swim across Yangtze River

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121
Q

Features of the Cultural Revolution (8)

A

Mass mobilization + role of young people

Attack on 4 Olds

Red Guards

Cult of Mao + Little Red Book

Education

PLA + end of violence

“Up to the Mountains and Down to the Villages” Campaign

Removal of CCP opposition

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122
Q

Explain mass mobilisation + young people in the Cultural Revolution (2)

A

1966 - “Bombard the Headquarters” Campaign : encouraged young to attack revisionists in CCP + regard rebellion as a force of good

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123
Q

Explain the “Attack on the Four Olds” in the Cultural Revolution (3)

A

4 Olds : old habits, ideas, culture, customs

1966 - organised rallies - told young people to attack revisionist CCP members + aspects of Chinese culture considered “old”

attacked cultural sites + seized objects associated with old (instruments, books)

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124
Q

Explain the “Red Guard” in the Cultural Revolution (2)

A

violent attacks on the 4 Olds

had official approval + directed by CCRG

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125
Q

Features of the “Red Guard” (6)

A

loyal to Mao

able to travel around China for free

wanted revenge on those who hurt them e.g teachers

wanted to prove themselves for the revolution

wanted to compensate for “bad-class” backgrounds

wanted to improve employment prospects by making connections with CCP members

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126
Q

Explain the Cult of Personality and the Little Red Book in the Cultural Revolution (3)

A

young people worshipped Mao as a god

veneration of Mao created by propaganda campaign

Little red book - allowed people to feel closer to Mao

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127
Q

Explain education in the Cultural Revolution (3)

A

intellectuals identified as enemies

teachers harmed - children believed they had held back progress of communism

schools + colleges closed so children could take part in revolution

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128
Q

Explain the PLA and the End of the Violence in the Cultural Revolution (3)

A

PLA concerned red guard would turn against them

1967 - Mao feared the RG’s weakened China allowing foreign powers to take advantage + seize China

1968 - Mao orders PLA to destroy RGs : PLA killed many RG, encouraged young people to return to education

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129
Q

Explain the “Up to the Mountains and Down to the Villages” Campaign in the Cultural Revolution (2)

A

1969

sent youths to rural areas to learn about peasant life

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130
Q

Reasons for the “Up to the Mountains and Down to the Villages” Campaign (4)

A

reduce unemployment in cities

teach youth the lives of peasants

send RGs to area they would do less damage

increase military control over young on PLA controlled farms

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131
Q

Impact of the “Up to the mountains and down to the villages” campaign (3)

A

young people did not enjoy peasant life - difficult work + low standards of living

peasants did not like extra mouths to feed

youths began to doubt Mao + felt they had been used in power struggle of party

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132
Q

Explain the removal of opposition to Mao in the Cultural Revolution (4)

A

removed revisionist CCP members - RG attacked revisionists

replaced by PLA members - more support for Mao

1966 - Mao criticises Liu + forces him to confess as a traitor + arrested

Mao suspicious that Lin was planning to overthrow him - was killed in plane crash as he tried to escape

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133
Q

Impact of the Cultural Revolution on Mao’s position (3)

A

became more powerful - opponents removed, CCP under his control

population loyal to Mao

paranoid that CCP members were against him

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134
Q

Impact of the Cultural Revolution on the economy (3)

A

shortage of trains to transport goods - had been used to transport RGs to rural areas

steel production fell from 15 million tonnes to 1 million tonnes

grain production fell so government implemented rationing

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135
Q

Impact of Cultural Revolution on education (2)

A

less than 1% of population had a degree

young people trained to be loyal party members than educated

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136
Q

Impact of Cultural Revolution on Family (3)

A

weakened family - children taught to prioritise Mao + CCP over family

encouraged to report parents for any signs of “old”

family ties broken when young were sent to countryside

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137
Q

Impact of Cultural Revolution on Health (3)

A

doctors seen as enjoying life than helping revolution

people cancelled appointments for fear of opposing revolution

improved peasant life - doctors went to provide healthcare in countryside

138
Q

Impact of Cultural Revolution on religion (2)

A

religion seen as an “old”

claimed Confucianism prevented modernization of China

139
Q

Impact of Cultural Revolution on Culture (2)

A

Qing censored certain creative art

wanted to develop communist-approved culture

140
Q

Sino-Soviet Split 1960 (3)

A

1960 - Khrushchev takes back USSR advisors

cancelled 200 projects

destroyed documents relating to nuclear energy

141
Q

Consequence of Sino-Soviet Split (4)

A

forced to seek friends elsewhere - loaned 2 billion USD to African countries for support

China still able to test nuclear weapon in 1964

1972 - invites Nixon for talks + agreed on developing relations

Chinese nukes pointed towards USSR

142
Q

Conflict between Mao and Brezhnev (4)

A

1964 - Mao claimed Brezhnev was still on path of revisionism

1967 - Red Guards attack Soviet embassy

1969 - Lin accuses USSR leaders of being social facists

1969 - border disputes in Xinjiang

143
Q

The Gang of Four (4)

A

led by Qing (Mao’s 4th wife)

dedicated maoists who were proponents of the Cultural Revolution

144
Q

How the Gang of Four eliminated their enemies (2)

A

Qing launches anti-Confucius campaign to attack Zhou Enlai + Deng Xiaoping - were afraid Zhou or Deng may become leader after Mao

1976 - Mao removes Deng from his posts after criticisms from the Go4

145
Q

The Rise of the Gang of 4

A

Mao supported Jiang’s campaign –> wanted to preserve achievements of CR

146
Q

Mao’s Successor after his death (2)

A

Hua Guofeng

Politburo considered him temp. leader

147
Q

Reasons why Mao chose his successor Hua (2)

A

had support of military

had support of more Politburo members

148
Q

Reasons for the fall of the Gang of 4 (2)

A

Mao chose Hua Guofeng as his successor

Qing unpopular with Politburo due to actions during CR

149
Q

Reasons for the Trial of the Gang of 4 (3)

A

1966 - planned to use the RG to remove Liu and Deng

punished and tortured opponents

accused of plotting to take control

150
Q

The Trial of the Gang of 4 (3)

A

1980-1981

accused of attempting to overthrow communist state

all members found guilty

151
Q

Reasons for Deng’s Rise to power as CCP head (5)

A

had much support in party + military

organised Great Famine recovery

helped to plan program of industrial development

helped with China’s foreign policy

removed from posts but not expelled from party

152
Q

Deng Xiaoping’s rise to power (2)

A

1976-1978 : Deng secures military support + develops role within party

1978 - position of leader confirmed

153
Q

Deng Xiaoping’s aims (3)

A

modernise Chinese economy

develop trade with outside world

encourage foreign investment in China

154
Q

Deng’s changes to agriculture (2)

A

commune changed to “xiang”

farmers allowed to grow crop which grew best for them

155
Q

Deng’s 4 modernisations

A

Agriculture

Industry

Science + Technology

Defense

156
Q

Features of the “xiang” by Deng (2)

A

had a quota to supply to state

household responsibility system - farmers able to sell extra produce as profit –> created incentive to farm

157
Q

Deng’s changes in education (6)

A

1978

university entrance exams reintroduced

private unis allowed

students encouraged to travel to West for education

reopened closed research institutes during CR

wanted skills to modernise industrial process of China

158
Q

Deng’s changes in industry (6)

A

open door policy - encouraged competition with foreign companies so Chinese businesses could produce higher quality goods

gave managers + experts more freedom with targets and profits

encouraged foreign investment in export industries - encouraged foreign investment in home industries in 1984

tax concessions + lack of financial restrictioons for exporters

introduced incentives to workers (bonuses)

Special Economic Zones established in coastal China to access Hong Kong + Taiwan market

159
Q

Problems with Deng’s changes in industry (3)

A

workers unhappy with Deng stopping “iron rice bowl”

production remained ineffficient for SOEs

contract based on employment introduced late - progress was slow

160
Q

Define “iron rice bowl”

A

Mao guaranteed workers wages regardless of output

161
Q

Emergence of privatisation + westernisation in Deng’s China (5)

A

SEZ’s inspired by system of foreigners

SEZs relied on foreign tech. + western business practices

SEZ firms were private

private businesses established within domestic market

western influence brought back from returning Chinese students + businessmen (e.g culture, clothes)

162
Q

Reasons for CCP wanting to reduce birth in 1979

A

fear that large population would make it harder for economic policies to provide resources for every person

163
Q

Deng’s one-child policy (4)

A

1979

couples with one child were rewarded (cash, extra rations)

couple required permit to give birth

state could order abortion for women that had more than one child

164
Q

Impact of Deng’s one child policy (3)

A

increase in female infanticide - peasant families valued male child as they were able to do more physical labour

decreased population growth

greater males than females

165
Q

Deng’s political principles on how China should be governed (4)

A

CCP would keep leading role

no multi-party system

no free elections

no freedom of speech

166
Q

The “Democracy Wall” Movement (4)

A

people pinned comments on what was happening in China on wall

Deng supported wall - supporters pinned criticisms of his opponents + praises of him

wall began to express anti-government feelings - students criticised party + lack of democracy

1979 - Wei Jinsheng arrested after criticising governments lack of democracy

167
Q

Start of the “Democracy Movement” (3)

A

inspired others to call for Chinese democracy

1979 - intellectuals called for political changes to match modernisation after experiencing Western politics

1985 - student demonstrations in Beijing

168
Q

Reasons for students’ protests (4)

A

poor conditions students lived in + high prices caused by economic reform

accused government of giving better employment to families + friends

angered by gov. control over books and what they could study

wanted to end dictatorship of CCP

169
Q

Reaction of Deng and CCP to student protests (5)

A

traditonal members of CCP angered by criticisms

Deng sacks Hu Yaobang after criticizing slow pace of reform

tightened censorship

arrested leaders blamed for unrest

announced China did not need democracy as government would rule for them

170
Q

Reasons for TianAnMen protests (2)

A

1989 - Hu Yaobang dies of heart attack

students gathered in Tiananmen square to mourne his death

171
Q

Tiananmen Square protests (4)

A

organised sit-ins + began hunger strike

frequent fights with police

event reported by journalists around the world

gained support from non-student protesters

172
Q

Deng’s response to the Tiananmen square protests (5)

A

declared Martial law

PLA troops surrounded square

soldiers + tanks opened fire –> cleared protests in one night

suspects arrested

CCP members who sympathised with protestors were dismissed

173
Q

Impact of the Tiananmen Square protests (4)

A

showed Deng was against opposition + political reform

USSR announced it was saddened by events

USA introduced economic sanctions

Deng’s government claimed it was a legitimate attack on counter-revolutionaries

174
Q

Habitants of the USA (4)

A

Old Immigrants - WASPs (White Anglo-Saxan Protestants)

New Immigrants - Eastern European, Asian

African Americans

Native Americans

175
Q

Power of Federal government of USA (4)

A

declare war

foreign policy

currency

regulate interstate trade

176
Q

Power of state government of USA (3)

A

education

local government

marriage laws

177
Q

Power shared by federal and state government of USA (4)

A

Taxes

Court system - Law and order

Regulate banks

Public Welfare

178
Q

Purpose of congress (3)

A

passes laws

agrees taxes

agrees president’s appointment of judges + ministers

179
Q

Purpose of US President (4)

A

proposes laws

runs foreign policy

appoints government ministers

commands armed forces

180
Q

Purpose of Supreme Court (2)

A

interprets constitution + laws

final appeal court

181
Q

How President did not have too much power in American politics (2)

A

Supreme Court can say actions are unconstitutional

Congress can reject appointments, overturn veto, withhold taxes

182
Q

How congress did not have too much power in American politics (2)

A

President can veto laws

Supreme Court can say actions are unconstitutional

183
Q

How supreme court did not have enough power (2)

A

President appoints judges

can pass new laws + change constitution

184
Q

Main parties in 1918 USA (2)

A

Republican party - wanted government to play small role in citizen lives, allowing businesses to grow

Democratic party - wanted government to play large role to tackle social problems

185
Q

How WW1 benefited American economy (2)

A

offered loans to Europe

created demand for US goods in Europe - Europeans did not have enough time to produce food + steel

186
Q

Impact of WW1 on American Industry (3)

A

factory production grows by 35%

Natural Resource industries grew

Consumer goods popular in Europe (e.g cigarettes)

187
Q

Impact of WW1 on American Agriculture (3)

A

global demand for agricultural goods

farmers began to use machines –> tractor sales increased

more farmers took out loans to expand farms

188
Q

Impact of WW1 on American workers (3)

A

increased demand for workers caused by increased demand of goods

increased wages of workers

more opportunities for workers from a range of backgrounds (e.g women, African American) - replaced men who had left to fight

189
Q

Problems for USA caused by end of WW1 (4)

A

demand for goods dropped - european farming recovered by 1920

workers lost jobs - returning soldiers re-entered workforce

race riots - increased number of black workers

farmers who borrowed money struggled to pay back as demand decreased

190
Q

Reasons for 1920s Economic boom in USA (4)

A

new production methods - factories produced goods faster

credit to buy things

advertisement - encouraged people to buy consumer goods

popularity of investing in stocks + shares

191
Q

Features of Henry Ford and Mass Production (2)

A

conveyor belt - surface which would move products along

worker would perform single task

192
Q

Impacts of Henry Ford and mass production (3)

A

production time fell –> could be sold more cheaply

increase in demand for products

production of products increased demand for products in other industries (e.g petrol for car making)

193
Q

Features of credit in USA (2)

A

customer payed for product over time

once cost paid off fully, product became theirs

194
Q

Impact of credit in USA (2)

A

encouraged people to buy

factories had reason to keep producing

195
Q

Features of Advertising in USA (2)

A

used posters + newspapers to encourage demand

radio - advertised products + 2 billion USD spent per year in1929

196
Q

Features of Consumerism in USA (3)

A

shopping became leisure activity

1921 - 5000 refrigerators sold

encouraged consumers to buy goods

197
Q

Features of stock market in USA (3)

A

1927-1929 : 1.5 million Americans involved in buying shares

bought shares of company using own money (borrowed from bank or broker)

dangerous - americans were gambling

198
Q

USA boom cycle (6)

A

increased demand for goods

increased production of goods using mass production

increased investment through stock

increased employment

increased wages

advertisement encouraged consumption

199
Q

Features of the leisure industry 1920s (2)

A

spent 1.8 billion USD more in 1929 than 10 years before

watched cinema + listened to radio

200
Q

Features of Cinema in 1920s America (2)

A

1924 - 40 million cinema tickets sold each week

film had colour + sound + animation

201
Q

Features of Jazz and Dancing in 1920s (2)

A

Jazz increased in popularity

developed multi-racial cities

202
Q

Features of Sport in 1920s (2)

A

Americans could spend time watching sport

1921 - 300,000 people watched baseball world series

203
Q

Features of motoring in USA 1920s (3)

A

driving became leisure activity rather than means of transport

1929 - 23 million owned cars

holidays were easier

204
Q

Jobs of American Women in 1918 (2)

A

needed to replace men who went to war

most women were in female jobs (secretaries)

205
Q

Rights of American Women in 1918

A

1917 - some states gave women right to vote

206
Q

Lifestyle of American women in 1918

A

women did household chores (cooking, cleaning, raising children)

207
Q

Improvements in jobs for American women 1920s (2)

A

2 million women joined workforce

had access to different types of jobs

208
Q

Improvements in rights for American women in 1920s (2)

A

1920 - 19th Ammendment gave women right to vote

some women became politicians

209
Q

Improvements in lifestyle for American women in 1920s (2)

A

divorce rate increase - 10% to 17%

increasing number of electrical appliances

210
Q

Limitations of improvements of American women in 1920s (3)

A

women still expected to do household chores

women followed husband’s voting decision

women did not have equal pay

211
Q

Features of Flappers (3)

A

challenged traditional image of women - short hair, make-up, short skirts

went to clubs and danced

flapper lifestyle only for those who could afford

212
Q

Problems farmers faced in 1920s America (2)

A

demand fell

production rates rose

213
Q

Reasons for fall in demand for agriculture in 1920s America (4)

A

prohibition reduced demand for wheat (part of brewing process)

man-made clothing materials replaced cotton

other countries placed tariffs on American goods –> more difficult to sell overseas

1922 - Europe able to recover + produce enough food

214
Q

Reasons for large production scales of farms in 1920s America (3)

A

credit - allowed farmers to borrow

machinery - improved food production

WW1 encouraged farmers to increase production

215
Q

Impact of decrease in demand for agriculture in 1920s America (2)

A

farmers went bankrupt

workers lost their jobs

216
Q

Decline of Coal mining 1920s America (2)

A

oil began to replace coal as way of heating homes

1929 - 550,000 homes heated by oil

217
Q

Decline of Textile Factories 1920s America

A

changing fashions + competition from synthetic polymers

218
Q

Decline of Railroad industry 1920s America (2)

A

initially used to transport supplies + troops

competition from car ownership

219
Q

Impact of 1920s America decline in older industries (5)

A

workers suffered - had to find new region to find other work + lacked skills for new jobs

strikes became more violent

wages decreased

employment unstable

jobs lost

220
Q

Reasons why Americans were upset with Immigration (4)

A

many immigrants had different cultures + religions

often were poor, illiterate, could not speak english

fear that immigrants brought radical + communist ideas

worried that immigrant workers would steal their jobs (would accept lower wages)

221
Q

American Immigration policies (2)

A

Emergency Quota Act of 1921

National Origins Act of 1924

222
Q

Emergency Quota Act (4)

A

1921

limited immigration to 357,000 per year

controlled amount of immigrants from each country

each country could send 3% of number of their people living in 1920 USA - intended to benefit western europeans + against eastern europeans

223
Q

National Origins Act (4)

A

1924

intended to reduce eastern + central european immigrants

only accepted 164,000 immigrants per year

each country could only send 2% of number of their people living in 1890 USA

224
Q

Impact of the USA 1920s Immigration Policies (2)

A

reduced immigration - 280,000 in 1929

new enforcement measure + border patrol created

225
Q

The “Red Scare” (2)

A

public feared communism would change society - taking public’s wealth

US government feared eastern + central europeans would bring communist ideas

226
Q

Reasons for The Palmer Raids (3)

A

1919 - strike by industrial workers due to low wages - upset politicians + industrialists

1919 - 40 mail bombs addressed to politicians + industrialists found

1919 - 8 cities experience bomb attacks - pushed Palmer and government to action

227
Q

The Palmer Raids (3)

A

Palmer created General Intelligence Division - ordered to spy, join, arrest radical groups

1919 - Union of Russian Workers members arrested

1920 - arrests on any group Hoover + Palmer believed was radical

228
Q

Consequences of Palmer Raids (3)

A

many deported + arrested

increased immigration restrictions

weakened trade unions

229
Q

Sacco and Vanzetti Case (5)

A

1920 - 2 italian immigrants commit robbery

police heard car associated with crime taken to garage + told mechanic to notify them when it was collected

2 Italian anarchists pick up car

later arrested by police + found to carry guns

lied to police –> link to anarchist movement discovered

230
Q

Sacco and Venzetti Trial (4)

A

1921

Innocent - had good reputation, lied because they thought they were arrested for “Red Scare Bombings”, gun tampered with - not good evidence, had allibis

Guilty - bullet could have been fired from gun, had criminal record, lied to police, eyewitnesses to crime identified them

1927 - found guilty + sentenced to electrocution

231
Q

Impact of Sacco and Venzetti Trial (2)

A

protests around the world

immigrants united

232
Q

American Treatment of Black People in South 1920s (3)

A

segregated from white by Jim Crow Laws

risk of violence - lynching, harmed those they believed guilty of crime

not protected by gov. or police

233
Q

Reasons for The Great Migration to the North

A

wanted to escape racism + find jobs in factories

234
Q

Impact of Great Migration to the North (2)

A

still earned low wages + lived in ghettos

race riots - white workers angered that black people were taking their jobs

235
Q

Impact of Racism in America for black people (4)

A

forced into unskilled labour due to lack of good education

most likely to lose their jobs

bad living conditions

restriction to voting - literacy tests

236
Q

Re-organised Ku Klux Klan values (4)

A

white supremacy

WASPs were a superior race

should stop immigration - foreigners threatened power of WASPs

WASPs should have christian beliefs

237
Q

Membership of KKK in 1920s (4)

A

membership increased quickly

allowed local leaders to keep 4$ from 10$ joining fee

1923 - KKK has 5 million members

members were mainly upper middle class (e.g small businessmen)

238
Q

Methods of KKK (4)

A

harmed their targets

used their influence to prevent teaching evolution

protested against politicians they disagreed with

boycotted businesses that disagreed with them

239
Q

Influence of KKK (2)

A

political power - senators + governors were members

legal system - judges + police were members or KKK sympathisers

240
Q

End of KKK (2)

A

1925 - KKK leader found guilty of rape + murder of white woman

damaged reputation of KKK –> lost members

241
Q

Main groups of Protestant USA (2)

A

Fundamentalists

Modernists

242
Q

Features of Fundamentalist Protestants within USA (3)

A

believed bible was completely accurate

most influential in rural + small towns but had support in cities

had old-fashioned values

243
Q

Features of Modernist Protestants within USA (3)

A

believed bible had to be reinterpretated due to modern science

believed in Darwinism + god was behind evolution

believed values changed with history

244
Q

Origins of the “Monkey Trial” (4)

A

Anti-Evolution League of America - against teaching of evolution in schools

1925 - Tennessee basses Butler act –> illegal to teach evolution

modernists ask Scopes to break the law to test whether it would be enforced

Scopes agrees + is arrested

245
Q

The Monkey Trial (3)

A

1925 - prosecution led by Bryan, defence led by Darrow

Darrow turned trial into debate of fundamentalist vs modernist ideas

Darrow challenged fundamentalist ideas while Bryan defended ideas

246
Q

Impact of the Monkey Trial (4)

A

Judge fined Scopes $100

Butler Act remained

religious debate got attention

damaged fundamentalism - mocked by newspapers

247
Q

Define Prohibition (2)

A

alcohol drinkers argue with non-drinkers over right to drink alcohol

1919 - 18th Ammendement banned manufacture, sale, transportation of alcohol

248
Q

Causes of Prohibition (4)

A

campaign groups fought for prohibition

alcohol damaged society - led to unemployment, waste of wages, domestic violence

weakened economy - drunk workers less efficient

created problems during war - grain needed for food rather than alcohol production

249
Q

Positive effects of Prohibition (4)

A

health of americans improved due to decreased alcohol consumption

deaths in liver disease fell to 10.7 per 100,000 in 1929

popular - 40% in favor

enforcement claimed to be effective

250
Q

Negative effects of Prohibition (5)

A

alcohol related jobs (farming, bars) became unemployed

government lost income tax on alcohol - 11 billion USD lost by 1931

americans turned into criminals - smuggled alcohol + made their own moonshine

poor quality moonshine put lives at risk

poor enforcement - 5 states did not enforce, juries did not convict law breakers

251
Q

Gangsters in Prohibition (4)

A

prohibition provided market for gangsters to sell alcohol

Al Capone would fight with competing gangs –> Valentine’s Day 1929 killed 7 rival gangsters

Ness + team (untouchables) seized illegal alcohol

IRS discovers tax evasion from Al Capone and arrests him

252
Q

Impact of Gangsters in America (5)

A

caused violence in cities

controlled politicians

turned citizens into criminals

made prohibition ineffective –> bribed prohibition agents

1933 - prohibition/alcohol ban ends

253
Q

Causes of the growth in share value on wall street 1929 (4)

A

people were buying + selling shares –> increased demand + drove up prices

Americans had confidence in economy –> prepared to keep buying

bull pool - traders artifically increased prices by buying and selling to each other

relied on confidence of investors than success of business

254
Q

Causes of the Wall Street Crash 1929 (2)

A

experienced investors began to sell shares –> expected prices to fall as realized stock did not align with performance of economy + Federal Reserve made more difficult to borrow

investors all began selling as panic replaced confidence

255
Q

Impact of the Wall Street Crash (6)

A

share values dropped

brokers demanded immediate repayment of loans –> investors took back money from savings causing stain on banks

banks invested most of savings on stock - stopped loaning to people + went bankrupt

investors lost their savings

decreased consumer spending

businesses invested less –> lowered production rate

256
Q

Causes of the Great Depression (6)

A

The Wall Street Crash

Under-Consumption

Over-Production in industry

Decreased income of farmers

Failing Banks

Problems in Europe

257
Q

Explain under-consumption as a cause of the great depression (2)

A

only the rich could afford consumer goods –> poor lacked purchasing power

eventually demand decreased

258
Q

Explain over-production as a cause of the great depression

A

industries producing goods but demand decreased –> prices fell

259
Q

Explain falling incomes of farmers as a cause of the great depression

A

Dust bowl 1930-1931 : soil erosion + unusable land

260
Q

Explain failing banks as a cause of the great depression (4)

A

many had limited reserves of money + no back-up if they needed help

hard for government to help banks - only 1/3 were part of Federal Reserve system

prevented loans given to businesses + lowered purchasing power for consumers

consumers had lack of faith in banking system - pulled their savings out of banks

261
Q

Explain problems in Europe as a cause of the Great Depression (3)

A

high tariffs on US goods

Germany attempted to become self-sufficient

UK set up trading agreement with own empire

262
Q

Impact of Great Depression on Agriculture (2)

A

protests - farms lost land to debt put up for auction - 1/3 of farmers lost land

farmers migrated - moved from rural to urban to find jobs

263
Q

The Great Dust Bowl (5)

A

1930-1935

drought ruined crops

dust storms caused soil erosion

poor quality land for farming

chose to migrate west for employment

264
Q

Impact of Great Depression on Industry (4)

A

demand decreased

wages lowered - fell 50% between 1929 and 1933

reduced working hours + production

workers fired

265
Q

Impact of Great Depression on unemployment

A

unemployment = 24.9% by 1933

266
Q

Impact of unemployment for Americans 1930s (3)

A

reduced living standards

relied on relief - soup kitchens

20,000 children did not have enough food in NYC

267
Q

Effect of Great Depression on black people (2)

A

more likely to lose their job - 1/2 black women lost their job

racist threats

268
Q

Effect of Great Depression on Immigrant workers (2)

A

lost jobs to white people

left or deported - 500,000 workers returned to Mexico in 1930s

269
Q

Effect of Great Depression on Women (2)

A

lost job - household help no longer affordable

25% more women able to find work outside household

270
Q

Features of Homelessness during the Great Depression (4)

A

americans lost homes - could not pay rent or mortgage

migrated to find work

government could not provide relief

100,000 homeless people in California looking for work in 1931

271
Q

Features of Hoovervilles during the Great Depression (4)

A

homeless joined together to create shanty town on scrap materials

population grew into thousands

lacked basic facilities - shelter, electricity, water

called towns “Hoovervilles” - blamed Pres Hoover

272
Q

Features of Bonus Marchers during the Great Depression (9)

A

1924 - government passes law giving WW1 veterans bonus of $625 in 1945

veterans wanted bonus during Depression - 20,000 people march to capitol to ask for bonus

Congress gives marchers $100,000

5000 stayed to pressure government

Hoover sets deadline for veterans to leave

police attacked after trying to empty buildings

conflict escalated - shots fired

Hoover sends in military - marchers feld + were teargassed

Hoover reputation ruined

273
Q

Hoover’s Beliefs (2)

A

felt that government did not have right to force people to do things

believed individuals should look after themselves instead of depending on gov. or charity

274
Q

Hoover’s actions to solve Bank problem (2)

A

National Credit Corporation - businesses raised $500 million to help banks

negative - NCC’s investors afraid to lose money

275
Q

Hoover’s actions to solve farm problem

A

set up Federal Farm Board to buy crops from farmers - built up large amount of extra goods + didnt stop fall in price

Federal Land Banks given money to provide farm mortgages - did not help farmers repay mortgages

276
Q

Hoover’s actions to help industry (2)

A

Reconstruction Finance Corporation - made money available for banks to loan to industries - most of loans went to large banks + companies

National Business Survey Conference - arranged meeting with business executive to make promises about production + wages - promises made but were broken

277
Q

Hoover’s actions to help Unemployment (2)

A

Reconstruction Finance Corporation - allowed federal gov. to loan money to states for relief - states had to meet tough requirements to receive money

Public works - increased spending on government projects to create jobs - spending was low

278
Q

Hoover’s actions impact for Banker (2)

A

positive - allowed big banks to continue

negative - too late + lots of banks had failed

279
Q

Hoover’s actions impact for farmer (2)

A

positive - allowed some farmers to keep land

negative - Farm Board could not cope with large surpluses

280
Q

Hoover’s actions impact for businessmen (2)

A

positive - made promises to help end depression

negative - most did not keep promises

281
Q

Hoover’s actions impact for charity workers (2)

A

positive - efforts to raise donations for charities

negative - could not provide enough relief

282
Q

Hoover’s action impact for Europe (2)

A

positive - provided time for europe to recover

negative - too late to stop collapse of european economy

283
Q

Hoover’s actions impact for unemployed (2)

A

positive - created jobs, tried to increase relief

negative - government provided no direct relief

284
Q

Roosevelt’s main aims to be achieved in New Deal (3)

A

Recovery

Relief

Reform

285
Q

Desired outcome of recovery aim of New Deal (3)

A

increased income for farmers + farm workers

increased industrial production

end to banking crisis

286
Q

Desired outcome of relief aim of New Deal (2)

A

states provide money to address hunger + poverty

short-term projects for unemployed

287
Q

Desired outcome of Reform aim of New Deal (2)

A

social security system

improvements in way banks + businesses run

288
Q

How Roosevelt attempted to achieve his aims (4)

A

gain support - used radio to share message directly with Americans

used majority in congress to turn policies into law

used government money to create jobs

created agencies to organise recovery + relief

289
Q

How Roosevelt’s Hundred Days solved the banking crisis (3)

A

Emergency Banking Act 1933 - closed all banks for 4 days, checked banks + only reopened financially secure banks

requested Americans to deposit savings

restored confidence - $1 million deposited in 1933

290
Q

Roosevelt’s Alphabet Agencies (4)

A

Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)

National Recovery Administration (NRA)

Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)

Farm Credit Administration (FCA)

Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC)

291
Q

The Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) (3)

A

attempted to increase price of farm products

offered subsidies to farmers that limited production

negative - still too many farm products from previous harvest stored for sale

292
Q

The Commodity Credit Corporation (2)

A

paid farmers to keep extra goods in store

increased prices - reduced supply of products

293
Q

The Farm Credit Administration

A

improved mortgage arrangements for 20% of farms

294
Q

The National Recovery Administration (2)

A

wrote rules companies had to follow - quotas on production, controlled prices, set wages, banned child labour

businesses that followed code was allowed to display Blue Eagle logo - was popular with people + ensured trustworthy business

295
Q

Roosevelt’s New Deal help for relief (2)

A

Federal Emergency Relief Act - provided grant of $500 million to states to spend on relief

Home Owner’s Refinancing Act - extend mortgage payments (20 years to pay off) - made easier for people to keep homes

296
Q

Civilian Conservation Corps (2)

A

took unemployed men from countryside - gave them tough outdoor jobs (trail building)

income earned sent to families

297
Q

Public Works Administration

A

given money to provide work on short-term projects (dam-building)

298
Q

Tennessee Valley Authority (4)

A

set up to help states in south

provided work for southerners (build 20 dams)

provide electricity for remote farms

control flooding + improve soil productivity - farmers educated in new methods

299
Q

Reasons for the Second New Deal (3)

A

national income still low

unemployment still high

1934 - politicians wanted reform + Supreme Court shut down some agencies (unconstitutional)

300
Q

The Works Progress Administration in Roosevelt’s Second New Deal (7)

A

1935

meant to replace CWA

employed 8 million americans

helped manual labourers - road building

helped writers + performers - guidebook writing + travelling theatre groups

helped women - sewing + teaching programmes

helped young people - stay in college + join training programmes

301
Q

Civil Works Administration (2)

A

provided work on short-term projects (road building)

had budget of $400 million

302
Q

National Industry Recovery Act (3)

A

started 1933 + declared invalid in 1935

created NRA

gave workers legal right to join trade unions

303
Q

How Roosevelt’s Second New Deal helped the poor (4)

A

CCC + PWA received $4 billion

Resettlement Administration - built 3 suburban towns

Housing Act - create new homes to replace shanty towns

National Labor Relations Act - improved working conditions (minimum wage + maximum hours)

304
Q

How Roosevelt’s Second New Deal helped farmers (5)

A

wanted rural poor to have own farms

Resettlement Administration - resettle families from overworked land (only helped a few thousand)

Farm Security Administration replaced RA - gave loans of $1 billion to poor to help them buy farms + equipment

FSA set up camps to provide shelter for migrant workers + paid for doctors to help

AAA declared invalid 1936 - Second AAA limited production ( strict quotas + heavy taxes) allowing gov. to control production

305
Q

How Roosevelt’s Second New Deal helped the old and disadvantages

A

1935 Social Security Act - created pension, unemployment insurance, support for disadvantaged groups

306
Q

Positive effects of 1935 Social Security Act (2)

A

first programme to provide pensions + unemployment insurance

helped 7000 children

307
Q

Negative effects of 1935 Social Security Act (2)

A

self-funded - could not pay pension immediately + US economy took longer to recover

domestic servants + agricultural workers not included

308
Q

How Roosevelt’s Second New Deal helped workers (3)

A

Wagner Act replaced NIRA

strengthened trade unions - workers legally entitled to join

National Labour Relations Board - gave protection to unions (defended fired workers, supervised union negotiations)

309
Q

Positive effects of Wagner Act (2)

A

factory workers joined trade unions as well

membership rose to 9 million

310
Q

Negative effects of Wagner Act (2)

A

unions had to strike to be recognised by companies

strikes could be violent

311
Q

How Roosevelt’s Second New Deal helped banks (3)

A

Banking Act of 1935

created Board of Governors at Federal Reserves - could control more powerful banks

strengthened banks + no banks closed in 1936

312
Q

Situation of electricity before New Deal (3)

A

1930 - electricity only available to 10% of farms

private electricity suppliers did not provide for poor farmers

farmers had no access to electric consumer goods (fridges) + production technology

313
Q

How the New Deal provided electricity (3)

A

TVA - built dams to generate electricity + lent money to companies to lay power cables

Electric Home and Farm Authority - encouraged appliance companies to make cheaper models + gave loans to farmers

1935 - Rural Electrification Administration took over electrification programmes

314
Q

Positive effect of New Deal on providing electricity (2)

A

35% farms had electricity now

boosted demand for electricity

315
Q

Negative effect of New Deal on providing electricity

A

other companies attempted to slow electrification progress - worried about losing profits

316
Q

Opposition of the Supreme Court to the New Deal (3)

A

shut down NRA - believed NRA had too much power over states

agreed that AAA - should not be allowed to supervise agricultural production

Supreme Court had power controlling president - judges did not support Roosevelt

317
Q

Roosevelt’s Response to Supreme Court (3)

A

1937 - failed attempt to replace all judges over 70

judges began to side more with FDR after attempts of replacement

judges began to die + retire –> FDR replaced them with more sympathetic judges

318
Q

Reasons why Republicans opposed New Deal (3)

A

FDR was democrat

believed federal government was too powerful –> Alphabet agencies too powerful

did not like large government spending

319
Q

Opposition of Republicans to New Deal (5)

A

won more seats in elections due to 1937 recession

worked to cut spending on relief programmes

investigated alphabet agencies + accused them of communism

blocked New Deal measures - housing + public work

1938 - ended New Deal

320
Q

How Republican’s were unsuccessful in stopping New Deal (2)

A

1936 election - republican president candidate promised to end new deal –> unpopular with people + was unsuccessful

FDR created Second New Deal + replaced Alphabet Agencies

321
Q

Opposition of Businesses and the Liberty League to New Deal (3)

A

Liberty League founded in 1934 - support from conservatives + businesses to oppose new deal (used leaflets, broadcasts)

business groups sponsored legal challenges to Alphabet Agencies

business groups campaigned agsint roosevelt - US Chamber of Commerce criticised 2nd New Deal in 1935

322
Q

Reasons why businesses were against the New Deal (3)

A

did not like being told what to do - NRA codes required minimum wage + maximum hours

New Deal supported trade unions

did not like that the government was spending so much

323
Q

How businesses and the Liberty League were unsuccessful in stopping New Deal (3)

A

limited success - only 150,000 members

unpopular - Republican party told them to stay out of 1936 election (believed they would damage their campaign)

harder to get Supreme Court to challenge FDR

324
Q

Radical Opposition to government (4)

A

Huey Long

Doctor Townsend

Father Coughlin

Sinclair

325
Q

How Huey Long opposed the New Deal (4)

A

criticised New Deal - believed NRA controlled by big businesses, Social Security did not reduce income gap, AA left poor farmers homeless

suggested Share Our Wealth program - tax rich and give $2500 to ordinary Americans, not enough rich people

8 million joined him

1935 - shot dead

326
Q

How Doctor Townsend challenged the New Deal (3)

A

created Old Age Revolving Pensions in 1933

suggested everyone over 60 should get $200/month to spend in 30 days - funded with 2% sales tax (was not enough funding)

could not challenge FDR’s Social Security Act

327
Q

How Father Coughlin challenged the New Deal (4)

A

initially supported New Deal but turned against it - believed influenced by Jews + communists

blamed Wall Street Financers + bankers (jews) for Great Depression

created National Union for Social Justice (1934) - wanted currency + banking reforms, nationalisation in parts of economy, fairer taxation

Second New Deal used some National Union for Social Justice ideas

328
Q

How Sinclair challenged the New Deal (2)

A

believed empty land + shut-down factories should be opened for unemployed to produce what they needed

ran for california governor in 1934 - lost to republican candidate (too radical)

329
Q

Impact of radical criticism (3)

A

challenged FDR’s popularity not New Deal

Influenced FDR - social security act + National Labour Relations Act

after 1935 - radicals lost popularity

330
Q

Achievements of New Deal in Recovery (3)

A

600 banks re-opened

industry recovered - businesses began making profit

farm income increased from 2.6b/year to 4.6b

331
Q

Shortcomings of New Deal in Recovery (5)

A

farming income rarely reached 1929 level

NRA codes weren’t followed

old industries remained unprofitable

recession between 1937-1938

1939 unemployment still at 17.2%

332
Q

Achievements of New Deal in Relief (3)

A

Social Security Act - provided unemployment insurance for first time

35% of population received relief

WPA created jobs

333
Q

Shortcomings of New Deal in Relief (3)

A

relief projects relied heavily on government spending

poor needed housing but little built

relief varied from state to state

334
Q

Achievements of New Deal in reform (4)

A

social security for first time

trade union presence - maximum hours + minimum wages

farmers got electricity

banking system centralised + controlled

335
Q

Shortcomings of New Deal in Reform (2)

A

social security didnt help all

income inequality not reduced

336
Q

Achievements of New Deal for women (3)

A

more influence in politics (thanks to Eleanor Franklin)

Social Security Act - provided grants for women with dependent children

WPA women’s division provided help

337
Q

Shortcomings of New Deal for women (2)

A

paid less than men

Alphabet agencies provided more help for men : CCC only provided 5000 places a year

338
Q

Achievements of New Deal for black people (3)

A

“Black Cabinet” gave black people more political power

30% of black families received relief

early signs of end of segregation - some CCC camps integrated

339
Q

Shortcomings of New Deal for black people (4)

A

AAA forced black tenants off farmland

NRA caused many black people to lose their jobs

relief payments often lower for black people

most black people had no access to social security

340
Q

Achievements of New Deal for Native Americans (2)

A

Native Americans given a chance to vote

Indian Restoration Act - returned 7.4 million acres of land to tribes

341
Q

Shortcomings of New Deal for Native Americans (3)

A

most were poor

relied on Alphabet Agencies - without help when they closed down

some New Deal policies unpopular with Indians (plan to kill goats + sheep of tribe)

History (2 decks)

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