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History > China Theme 1 - Govt. 1949-57 > Flashcards

China Theme 1 - Govt. 1949-57 Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of the Chinese population lived in rural areas 1949?

A

80%

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2
Q

To where and when did the Nationalists flee?
Who was their leader?

A

Taiwain; December 1949; Chiang Kai-Shek

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3
Q

When did Mao establish the PRC?

A

1 October 1949

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4
Q

What did the Nationalists do as they fled China?

A

Robbed gold, silver, and dollar reserves, and cultural reserves.
Educated elites left with them, so there were few experienced officials left.

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5
Q

How many bandits roamed China post-Civil War? What nickname did this contribute to?

A

1 million
The ‘Sick Man of Asia’

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6
Q

In 1946, how much could 100 yuan buy you?

A

a single egg

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7
Q

What was the factory output in 1949 compared to 1937?

A

44% less than 1937

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8
Q

What percentage of population worked in industry?

A

5%

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9
Q

At what level was agricultural production by 1949?

A

subsistence level

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10
Q

Who were the Guomindang allied with?

A

The USA

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11
Q

What were the state of transport networks post-Civil War?

A

50% of railways destroyed
Second largest port, Hankou, reduced to rubble.

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12
Q

What happened in Shanghai February 1950?

A

Over 1,000 people killed. Nationalists (with US supplied planes) bombed coastal cities.

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13
Q

Who were the two leaders of the PLA?

A

Peng Dehuai (until 1959)
Lin Biao (until 1971)

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14
Q

What campaign promoted PLA soldiers to be model heroes that the masses should aspire to be like?

A

‘Learn from the PLA’

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15
Q

How many conscripts a year by 1955?

A

800,000

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16
Q

How many people were executed in Guangdong, and as part of which campaign?

A

28,000 - Campaign to suppress counterrevolutionaries

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17
Q

What was the ROC?

A

Republic of China established by GMD in Taiwan

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18
Q

How did Lina Benson describe bandits; how many were killed by the PLA?

A

“a euphemism for any opposition”
100,000 killed.

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19
Q

How were the PLA involved in the economy?

A

Involved in Four Pests; worked on cooperatives; work teams (construction projects)

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20
Q

How and why did the PLA become more streamlined?

A

Abandoned guerrilla tactics; forced reduced to 3.5m by 1953
Occurred following the Korean War

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21
Q

Why was Xinjiang considered a threat?

A

Bordered the USSR; Uighurs - stronger devotion to faith than Mao Zedong

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22
Q

When did the migration of Han Chinese into Xinjiang occur?

A

March 1950

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23
Q

When was the Tibetan invasion and how many resisted?

A

October 1950
60,000

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24
Q

What document ‘united’ Tibet with the PRC?

A

‘17 Point Agreement’

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25
Q

When did the mass migration of Han Chinese into Tibet occur? When did the Dalai Lama finally flee into exile?

A

November 1952
Fled 1959

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26
Q

What propaganda campaigns were launched during the Korean War? How did this galvanise support for the regime?

A

‘Resist America, Aid Korea’ - United the Chinese people against a common enemy.
‘Model Soldier Hero’ - instilled pride in the PLA.

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27
Q

What were the PLA casualties due to Korea?

A

400,000 deaths

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28
Q

What does laogai mean?

A

Reform through labour

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29
Q

How many laogai inmates were there by 1955

A

over 1.3 million

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30
Q

Who were kept as political prisoners and how many were there?

A

Doctors, engineers, other experts.
300,000.

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31
Q

Where did inmates freeze to death in the laogai?

A

Sichuan camp

32
Q

How many people died in laogai, according to Chang and Halliday?

A

27 million deaths in total

33
Q

What economic benefits had the laogai provided by mid-1950s?

A

700 million yuan in industrial production.
350,000 tons of grain.

34
Q

How many prisoners could have been held in laogai one time at its peak?

A

10 million

35
Q

Why were laogai important for control?

A

Means of removing direct threats.
Punishment set a precedent for conformity.
Former opponents converted.
Contributions to economic successes.

36
Q

What did the 1954 constitution state?

A

‘All power in the People’s Republic belongs to the people.’

37
Q

What was ‘democratic centralism’?

A

Voice of people represented by elected officials in central govt.
All of China had to follow the line of the CCP.

38
Q

What were the three governmental branches of the PRC?

A

CCP
Central People’s Government
PLA

39
Q

How many CCP members were there by 1950?

A

5.8 million

40
Q

What the hierarchical structure of the CCP?

A

Mao = Chairman
Standing Committee = 5 members
Politburo = 25 members
Central Committee = 49 members

41
Q

How many ministries did Zhou Enlai (as Premier) co-ordinate by 1954?

A

24

42
Q

Where did Mao say all political power lied?

A

‘All political power lies in the barrel of a gun’.

43
Q

What were the regional bureaux?

A

PRC divided into 6 regions
Four officials - 2 were military

44
Q

How did Shaun Breslin describe the civilian leaders of the regional bureaux?

A

‘many of the new civilian leaders simply transferred
out of the military into the new party-state. They were, in effect, soldiers into civvies.’

45
Q

What campaign was launched March 1950?

A

Campaign to suppress Counter-Revolutionaries

46
Q

Briefly outline self-registration

A

People who had ‘political mistakes’ before the new regime could admit to such mistakes and ‘start life anew’.
This was actually a trap to find anyone with previous nationalist sympathies.

47
Q

How many counter revolutionaries were executed by the first half of 1951?

A

800,000

48
Q

When was the 3 Antis Campaign?

A

August 1951 - July 1952

49
Q

What were the 3 Antis?

A

Corruption; waste; obstructionist bureaucracy

50
Q

What happened to govt. membership by late 1951 as a result of the 3 Antis?

A

Loyal cadres replaced former nationalist workers as the govt. no longer needed experienced workers

51
Q

Who were the main targets of the 5 Antis campaign?

A

Middle classes and private business owners.

52
Q

When was the 5 Antis Campaign?

A

February - May 1952

53
Q

What was the impact of ‘Denunciation Boxes’?

A

Families began setting upon each other to prove their total loyalty to Mao.

54
Q

99% of WHAT in WHERE were found guilty during the 5 Antis Campaign?

A

Businessmen in Shanghai

55
Q

Why may Mao have needed support from intellectuals by 1956?

A

Economic growth had stalled; CCP mostly peasantry - no experts; overly bureaucratic CCP needed criticisms.

56
Q

Why may the Secret Speech have led to the Hundred Flowers Campaign?

A

Feb 1956 - Khrushchev denounced terror and dictatorships - Mao needed to prove he wasn’t a power hungry dictator.

57
Q

When were the two Hundred Flowers Campaign launches; why was it launched twice?

A

2 May 1956
February 1957
Intellectuals too scared the first time - didn’t believe Mao

58
Q

How was the Party attacked following the Hundred Flowers Campaign

A

Party denounced on posters; compared to Nazis; Mao compared to the Pope and attacked personally.

59
Q

When was the Anti-Rightist Campaign?

A

June 1957

60
Q

How did Mao describe rightists during Anti-Rightist Campaign?

A

‘Poisonous weeds’

61
Q

What quota were cadres given during Anti-Rightist Campaign?

A

Damning 5% of each danwei as rightists

62
Q

How many victims were there of the Anti-Rightist campaign?

A

Between 400,000-700,000 purged

63
Q

What do Chang and Halliday believe about the Hundred Flowers Campaign?

A

It was trap set by Mao to arrest all opposition

64
Q

What does Jonathan Spence believe about the Hundred Flowers Campaign?

A

Mao felt secure enough as a leader to be able to withstand the criticisms.

65
Q

What does Han Suyin believe about the Hundred Flowers Campaign?

A

It was a deliberate strategy to defend communism.

66
Q

What were the start and end dates of China’s involvement in the Korean War?

A

October 1950
1953

67
Q

Fill in the blanks: “—— the attacks of United ——- ———–”

A

Resist; States; Imperialism

68
Q

Who advised Mao not to join the Korean War?

A

Lin Biao

69
Q

How many people were killed in the first half of 1951 due to Korean War participation campaigns?

A

800,000 counter-revolutionary.
135,000 official.

70
Q

How did PLA soldiers suffer in Korea?

A

90% had frostbite

71
Q

What were the economic benefits of Chinese involvement in the Korean War?

A

Farmers increased production and donates any surplus.
Key industries increased production.
Businessmen signed ‘patriotic pacts’ and promised to pay tax.

72
Q

What were the international benefits of the Korean War?

A

West = Paper Tigers.
China no longer the ‘Sick Man of Asia’.

73
Q

How much did the Korean War cost for China?

A

$10 billion

74
Q

How were China threatened by Truman?

A

June 1950 - threatened attack if China attacked nationalists in Taiwan.

75
Q

How were China viewed by the West post-Korea?

A

Stalin’s evil accomplice.

76
Q

Why were China insecure internationally following Korea?

A

US increased containment policy - $50 billion a year on military.
Japan considered the US’ ‘unsinkable aircraft carrier’.
Could only rely on Soviets for help now.

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