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History > China Theme 3 - Cultural Revolution > Flashcards

China Theme 3 - Cultural Revolution Flashcards

1
Q

What did Mao feel had infiltrated the Party following the Liu and Deng reforms?

A

‘Capitalist roaders’
‘Bourgeois elements’

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2
Q

Why did Mao feel he faced opposition in Party by 1966?

A

Zhou Enlai critical of GLF.
1962, 7,000 Cadres Conference - Liu dismissed bad weather as a cause of famine.
Liu tried to stop the use of ‘Thought of Mao’ in foreign propaganda.

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3
Q

What did Deng say about pragmatism?

A

“It didn’t matter if the cat was white or black, so long as it catches the rats”

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4
Q

How did Mao feel he was being treated by 1966?

A

As a “dead ancestor”

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5
Q

What was Mao’s motivation behind the Socialist Education Campaign and the Early Ten Points?

A

CCP too bureaucratised - corrupt cadres needed to face criticisms.

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6
Q

When was the Socialist Education Campaign launched?

A

1962

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7
Q

When were the ‘Early Ten Points’ released?

A

February 1963

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8
Q

What was part of the Socialist Education Campaign?

A

The Four Clean Ups - cleanse the economy, organisation, politics, and ideology

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9
Q

How did Deng counteract the Early 10 Points?

A

He launched the Later 10 Points in Autumn 1963 - encouraged minimal disruption or attacks.

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10
Q

Outline the events of the ‘Hai Rui Dismissed From Office’ scandal.

A

Play by Wu Han seemed to satirise Peng;s dismissal, yet Mao initially enjoyed it in 1961.
However in 1965, Mao ordered Yao Wenyuan to write a negative review.
Wu Han and Peng Zhen (deputy mayor and mayor of Beijing) allies of Liu and Deng, forced to resign.

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11
Q

Who were the Gang of Four?

A

The Cultural Revolution Group - Jiang Qing; Chen Boda; Yao Wenyuan; Zhang Chunquo

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12
Q

When did Mao swim in the Yangtze river and when was the ‘16 Point Directive’ published?

A

July 1966
August 1966

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13
Q

How did Macfarquhar describe the 16 Point Directive?

A

Mao’s ‘blueprint’ for the CR

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14
Q

Who were the Five Red Types and Five Black Elements?

A

Red - Red Guards with more humble, worker or peasant background
Black - Red Guards from richer, landowning background
Black more vicious to compensate for ideological crimes

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15
Q

Who made up the initial Red Guard during CR?

A

Children of party cadres - mobilised in elite middle schools

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16
Q

What did Zhou Enlai say about the Mao Cult?

A

“Whatever accords with Mao Zedong though is right, while whatever does not accord with Mao Zedong thought is wrong”

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17
Q

When was Mao’s Big Character Poster published and what did it say?
How did Macfarquhar describe it?

A

5 August 1966
‘Bombard the Headquarters’
‘Blank Cheque’ for violence

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18
Q

When did Song Binbin place armband on Mao?

A

20 August 1966

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19
Q

When was the Four Olds Campaign launch and what were they?

A

August 1966 - old ideas, cultures, customs, habits

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20
Q

What demonstration of Red Guard fervour did Zhou Enlai intervene?

A

He blocked attempts to name Beijing ‘East is Red City’

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21
Q

How far did the Red Guards attack libraries?

A

1/3 of all libraries closed; 7+ million books lost

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22
Q

Outline the attack on the Confucius Temple in Shandong.

A

200 teachers/students - 6,600 artefacts destroyed, encouraged by Chen Boda

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23
Q

How was Tibetan culture attacked during CR?

A

Monasteries attacked/looted; scriptures used as toilet roll

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24
Q

What happened in Shanxi 1966 that typifies how anarchy grew during CR?

A

Provincial Vice Governor of Shanxi joined the Red Guards to purge rival party leaders.

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25
Q

What did Mao toast on 26 December 1966?

A

‘To the unfolding of nationwide all-round civil war’

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26
Q

Outline the events of the January Storm

A

Mao encouraged Red Guards to destroy Party establishment in Shanghai.
30 December 1966 - 100,000 radical Reds vs. 20,000 party Scarlets

27
Q

Outline the events of the February Adverse Current

A

February 1967, Zhu De and Chen Yi protested Mao’s encouraging of chaos.
He dismissed their complaints as the ‘February Adverse Current’ - flowing against the tide.

28
Q

What did Mao say in April 1967?

A

‘Have no fear of chaos’

29
Q

What happened in Wuhan, summer 1967?

A

Battles between PLA and Red Guards - 1,000 protesters killed by PLA.

30
Q

What happened in August 1967?

A

Beijing Foreign Ministry seized for 2 weeks by Red Guards

31
Q

When were Revolutionary Committees established - what did they do?

A

September 1967 - Party, State, Army alliance
Preserved dominance of the party

32
Q

When did Mao use the PLA to restore order to the CR?
What did he emerge as?

A

1968 - the “black hand” of suppression - bodies began washing up on Hong Kong shores

33
Q

When was the Cleansing the Class Ranks campaign launched?

A

25 May 1968

34
Q

What did the Cleansing the Class Ranks campaign do?

A

Led by PLA Unit 8341 (Mao’s security force)
1.84m arrested as spies
Yunnan, 7000 died of ‘death from enforced suicide’

35
Q

When was Lin Biao named Mao’s successor?
What also happened here?

A

April 1969 at the Ninth Party Congress - violence of CR also ended

36
Q

Who were the clear main targets of the Cultural Revolution?

A

Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping

37
Q

Why would Mao have been jealous of Liu?

A

Pragmatic policies very popular - people considered hanging his portrait next to Mao’s.

38
Q

What happened to Liu during CR up to 1967?

A

Subject to struggle meetings
Resigned as Head of State August 1967
Under house arrest as a ‘living target’ by Jiang Qing

39
Q

What happened to Liu Shaoqi after 1967?

A

Charged with betraying the CCP October 1968
Died November 1968 from pneumonia in Kaifeng.

40
Q

What happened to Liu’s wife during the CR?

A

April 1967, Wang Guangmei humiliated in front of 300,000 Red Guards and sentenced to solitary confinement.

41
Q

Who was Kang Sheng?

A

Trained by NKVD and joined CCP in 1930s - in charge of the persecution of Mao’s enemies

42
Q

How did Mao damn Deng Xiaoping specifically?

A

‘The number two person in authority taking the capitalist road’

43
Q

How were Deng and his family initially purged?

A

Deng was sent to work in a Jiangxi tractor factory.
Deng’s son became paralysed after escaping Red Guard attacks.

44
Q

What % of regional cadres were purged during CR?

A

80%

45
Q

How many regional party leaders were removed during CR?

A

4 out of 6

46
Q

How many of the Politburo survived the CR?

A

9 out of 23

47
Q

What were May Seventh Cadre Schools - how many were sent there?

A

‘Re-education’ centres - hard farm labour and indoctrination.
3 million cadres exiled there.

48
Q

How many Chinese were killed in total during CR?
Who was legally blamed for this?

A

500,000
The Gang of Four were charged for the death of over 500,000 at trial

49
Q

Which foreign embassies were beseiged and why?

A

Burma, India, Indonesia - represented imperialist ideas

50
Q

What happened to Sidney Rittenberg?

A

An avowed communist yet was sent for re-education in 1968

51
Q

How many Red Guards were involved in the ‘Up to the Mountains and Down to the Villages’ campaign?

A

18 million

52
Q

Why did the ‘UttMaDttV’ campaign not work very well?

A

Red Guards meant to learn realities of harsh labour from the rural peasants.
However they weren’t welcome and minimal food was available.
Red Guards became dissillusioned.

53
Q

Outline the rise and fall of Lin Biao.

A

-His sycophancy towards Mao allowed him to become Minister of Defence post-Peng
-Published and made the Little Red Book compulsory reading in the PLA
-Named Mao’s successor at 9th Party Congress 1969
-PLA grew in importance during CR and Lin became more popular
-Mao declared ‘Let the PLA learn from the people’
-Lin supposedly plotted an attack on Mao and allied with USSR
-Suspiciously died in a plane crash 1971

54
Q

When and why did Mao recall Deng Xiaoping?

A

1975 - Mao feared the CCP was entering a new younger generation of bureaucrats. His and his peers’ health failing - Deng had leadership expertise

55
Q

What were the Four Modernisations?

A

Programme supported by Deng in 1975 - advancement in agriculture, industry, defence, and science - conflicted with mass mobilisation.

56
Q

What campaign did Jiang Qing launch in 1973 and why?

A

‘Criticise Lin, Criticise Confucius’
She was weary of Deng’s power - wanted to divert attacks onto Zhou AND Deng.

57
Q

When did Zhou Enlai die and what was the impact?

A

8 January 1976 - millions lined streets to pay respects and lay wreaths at Monument to the People’s Heroes.

58
Q

What was the Tiananmen Square Incident?

A

April 1976 - Following Zhou’s death, in which millions payed respects, govt. sent PLA to remove wreaths - 10,000s protested and violence ensued.

59
Q

How did Deng fall from power the second time?

A

Gang of Four used propaganda to purge him for his role in the ‘counter-revolutionary’ Tiananmen Square Incident 1976. Banished to a farm in the South.

60
Q

When did Mao die?

A

9 September 1976

61
Q

What were the ‘Two Whatevers’?

A

Hua Guofeng, Mao’s successor - first campaign - uphold whatever policies Mao made; follow whatever instructions Mao gave

62
Q

How many people queued for Mao’s embalmed corpse in Tiananmen Square?

A

300,000

63
Q

Why did Deng make his final return to power?

A

Hua arrested Gof4 October 1976 - Deng’s expertise allowed him to rise up as Paramount Leader of China.

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